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MD1 Neuroscience > Cognitive and Psychological Consequences of Brain Injury > Flashcards

Cognitive and Psychological Consequences of Brain Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is acquired brain injury?

A

Umbrella term

Injury to brain after birth

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2
Q

What are some types of acquired brain injury?

A 
Stroke
Infections
Traumatic brain injury
Hypoxic injuries because of myocardial infarcts
Neurodegenerative
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3
Q

Which areas of the brain are most sensitive to hypoxic injury?

A

Hippocampus

Areas of shared vascular territories

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4
Q

What are some types of congenital brain injury?

A

Encephalopathy
Some epilepsies
Developmental defects

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5
Q

What are some factors that contribute to having a congenital brain injury?

A 
Genetic factors
Environmental factors
- Vitamin deficiencies
- Foetal alcohol syndrome
- Prenatal infection
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6
Q

What are traumatic brain injuries?

A

Sudden trauma causing injury to brain

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7
Q

What are some examples of neurodegenerative injuries?

A 
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease
Dementia
Alcohol syndrome
Motor neuron disease
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8
Q

How do you classify a mild traumatic brain injury?

A

Glasgow coma scale at scene: 13-15

Time of unconsciousness:

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9
Q

How do you classify a moderate traumatic brain injury?

A

Glasgow coma scale at scene: 9-12
Time of unconsciousness: 30 min-6 hrs
Length of post-traumatic amnesia: 1-7 days

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10
Q

How do you classify a severe traumatic brain injury?

A

Glasgow coma scale at scene: 3-8
Time of unconsciousness: >6 hrs
Length of post-traumatic amnesia: >7 days

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11
Q

What is the most important factor in classifying traumatic brain injury?

A

Length of post-traumatic amnesia

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12
Q

What is the biggest cause of traumatic brain injury?

A

Car accidents

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13
Q

What are some causes of traumatic brain injury?

A 
Car accidents
Falls
Fights
Blast injuries
Domestic violence
Child abuse
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14
Q

What are the risk factors of having a traumatic brain injury?

A 
Male (2:1) - until elderly when it evens out
Substance use
- Especially alcohol
Age
- 0-4 yrs
- 15-24 yrs
- Over 75 yrs
Psychosocial factors
- Risk taking behaviour
- History of psychiatric disorder
- Limited educational attainment
- Unstable work history
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15
Q

What are predictors of a good outcome after a traumatic brain injury?

A 
Normal function beforehand
Length of post-traumatic amnesia
Number of previous traumatic brain injuries
Age
Location
Function
Motivation
Pre-morbid psychiatric history
Cognitive reserve
- Higher education
- Higher intelligence
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16
Q

What is congenital brain injury?

A

Present at birth because of developmental defects/damage

17
Q

What is neurodegenerative injury?

A

Because of ongoing neurodegenerative disease

18
Q

What is post-traumatic amnesia?

A

Period of dense confusion after traumatic event

19
Q

What can acceleration and deceleration forces cause to the head?

A

Laceration of scalp
Skull fracture
Shifting of intracranial contents
Focal and diffuse changes in brain matter

20
Q

What are some focal changes that can occur?

A

Haematoma
Contusion
- Commonly at basal/polar areas of frontal and temporal lobes

21
Q

What are some diffuse changes that can occur?

A

Axonal injury
Microvascular damage
Widespread neural excitation
Metabolic changes

22
Q

What are some secondary complications that can occur?

A

Brain swelling
Infection
Raised intracranial pressure
Respiratory arrest

23
Q

Which areas of the brain are frequently damaged, and why?

A 
Because of proximity to bony structures in skull
- Frontal and temporal lobes
Because of vulnerability of white matter tearing
- Corpus callosum
- Basal ganglia
- Hypothalamus
- Superior cerebellar peduncles
- Fornices
Because of hypoxia
- Hippocampus
24
Q

What are the common and prominent cognitive and psychological difficulties associated with traumatic brain injury?

A 
Processing speed
Attention
Working memory
Executive functioning
Regulating emotions
Managing frustration
25
Q

How long do post-concussion symptoms take to subside in mild traumatic brain injury?

A

Days-weeks

26
Q

What are common physical symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury?

A 
Headache
Dizziness
Fatigue
Blurred/double vision
Sensitivity to noise and/or bright lights
Tinnitus
27
Q

What are common psychological symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury?

A 
Restlessness
Insomnia
Irritability
Anxiety
Depression
28
Q

What are common cognitive symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury?

A

Reduced

  • Processing speed
  • Attention
  • Memory
29
Q

What is persistent post-concussive syndrome?

A

Symptoms persisting after mild TBI and can result in ongoing disability and adjustment difficulties

30
Q

What is persistent post-concussive syndrome associated with?

A 
Pre-injury physical and psychiatric problems
Adjustment issues
Coping style
Presence of additional stressors
Previous TBIs
31
Q

What are the physical symptoms after a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury?

A

Fatigue
Balance and coordination difficulties
More specific effects dependent on specific location and severity of injury

32
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms after a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury?

A 
Attention
Information processing speed
New learning and memory
Word-finding problems
Executive difficulties
- Planning
- Problem solving
- Goal directed behaviour
- Abstract thinking
- Mental flexibility
Impulsivity
Emotional regulation difficulties
Reduced insight
33
Q

What are the psychological and behavioural symptoms after a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury?

A 
Increased irritability
Aggression
Lowered frustration tolerance
Reduced initiative/apathy
Flattened affect
Verbosity
Egocentricity
Mood swings
Excessive emotion
Reduced emotion perception
Reduced behavioural insight

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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