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MD1 Neuroscience > Ear and Auditory Canal (ENT 1) > Flashcards

Ear and Auditory Canal (ENT 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the outer ear end?

A

At tympanic membrane

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2
Q

Where is the inner ear?

A

Embedded in petrous part of temporal bone

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3
Q

What structure is for hearing?

A

Cochlea

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4
Q

What structure is for balance and equilibrium?

A

Vestibule

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5
Q

What structures make up the outer ear?

A

Auricle

External acoustic meatus

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6
Q

Where is the auricle?

A

Outside part of ear

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7
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

Collect sound

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8
Q

What is the auricle made of?

A

Cartilage

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9
Q

What is the tragus?

A

Little flap of skin over external auditory meatus

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10
Q

What is the external auditory meatus made of?

A

Lateral 1/3 cartilagenous

Medial 2/3 bony - embedded in temporal bone

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11
Q

What is the innervation of the external auditory meatus?

A

Posterior and inferior surface innervated by vagus

Anterior and superior surface innervated by auriculotmporal = branch of V3

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12
Q

Where can pain be referred to from the anterior and superior part of the external auditory meatus?

A

Teeth because of V3 innervation of both

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13
Q

What is the external auditory meatus lined by?

A

Hairy skin embedded with cerouminous glands

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14
Q

What do cerouminous glands produce?

A

Cerumen = ear wax

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15
Q

What is the function of cerumen?

A

Protect skin from water

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16
Q

Where does sound run from the auricle?

A

Into external auditory meatus > tympanic membrane

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17
Q

Where is the tympanic membrane?

A

Forms almost complete seal of external auditory meatus into middle ear

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18
Q

What is the bump on the tympanic membrane formed by?

A

Handle of malleus

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19
Q

Why does shining a light on the tympanic membrane produce a cone of reflected light on it?

A

Because it’s concave

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20
Q

Where is the cone of reflected light on the tympanic membrane?

A

In antero-inferior quadrant

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21
Q

What is the clinical significance of the position of the cone of light on the tympanic membrane?

A

Increased pressure in middle ear pushes membrane out a little bit > changes position of cone of light

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22
Q

What is the nerve supply to the mucosa of the middle ear?

A

Mostly from glossopharyngeal nerve

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23
Q

Where can pain from the middle ear be referred to?

A

Other areas supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve, especially tonsils

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24
Q

What is the transmission of sound through the middle ear?

A

Sound waves make tympanic membrane vibrate > transmitted to middle ear

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25
Q

What is the structure of the middle ear?

A

Largely a space in petrous part of temporal bone

Made of 2 compartments

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26
Q

What are the two compartments of the middle ear?

A

Epitympanic recess

Tympanic cavity proper

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27
Q

Where is the tympanic cavity proper?

A

Medial to tympanic membrane

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28
Q

Where is the epitympanic recess?

A

Above medial tympanic membrane

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29
Q

What does the epitympanic recess communicated with?

A

Mastoid sinuses

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30
Q

What is the clinical significance of the communication between the epitympanic recess and mastoid sinuses?

A

Inflammation in epitympanic recess can move to mastoid air cells in mastoid process > pain and further infection

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31
Q

How are infections of the mastoid air cells cleared?

A

Antibiotics

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32
Q

How does the middle ear communicate with the nasal cavity?

A

Auditory tube

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33
Q

Where is the auditory tube?

A

Projects from anterior and inferior wall of middle ear

To nasopharynx

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34
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

Allows for equalisation of pressure in middle ear and atmosphere

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35
Q

What happens if the middle ear cannot equalise with the atmosphere?

A

Creates movement in tympanic membrane

If severe, can damage it

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36
Q

How can you get a middle ear infection?

A

Bacteria from nasal cavity moves up auditory tube to middle ear
Causes pain

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37
Q

What is the clinical significance of the position of the auditory tube?

A

In adults, auditory tube projects downwards significantly > difficult for bacteria to move up tube, and allows infections to drain down
In infants, tube far more horizontal > easier for bacteria to move to middle ear

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38
Q

By when do chronic middle ear infections tend to resolve in children?

A

Ages 6-7

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39
Q

How many ossicles are there?

A

3

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40
Q

Where are the ossicles?

A

In middle ear

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41
Q

What do the ossicles articulate with?

A

Each other
Tympanic membrane laterally
Oval window medially

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42
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

Transmit sound from middle ear to inner ear

43
Q

Which ossicle is most lateral?

44
Q

What does the malleus articulate with?

A

Handle articulates with tympanic membrane laterally

Head articulates with incus

45
Q

Which ossicle is in the middle?

46
Q

What does the incus articulate with?

A

Malleus

Head of stapes

47
Q

Which ossicle is the most medial?

48
Q

What does the stapes articulate with?

A

Head with incus

Oval shaped base sits directly over oval window

49
Q

What kind of joints are the articulations between the ossicles?

50
Q

What anchors some of the muscles to the walls of the middle ear?

A

Small muscles

51
Q

Which muscle articulates with malleus?

A

Tensor tympani anteriorly

52
Q

Which muscle articulates with stapes?

A

Stapedius posteriorly

53
Q

Which nerve innervates tensor tympani?

A

Trigeminal nerve

54
Q

Which nerve innervates stapedius?

55
Q

What is the role of tensor tympani and stapedius?

A

Dampen loud sounds to protect inner ear

56
Q

Is the contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius voluntary?

A

No, reflexive contraction

57
Q

How do tensor tympani and stapedius dampen sound?

A

Muscles pull on ossicles to dampen vibration

58
Q

What is the clinical significance of damage to the facial nerve in relation to stapedius?

A

Reflexive mechanism won’t work
People more sensitive to sound because can’t regulate dampening of energy
Eg: in Bell’s palsy people more sensitive to large sounds

59
Q

What is the landmark for the oval and round windows?

A

Promotnary formed by basal turn of cochlea

60
Q

Where is the oval window?

A

Superior and posterior

61
Q

Where is the round window?

A

Inferior and posterior

62
Q

Which window communicates with the inner ear?

A

Both oval and round windows

63
Q

Which nerve goes through the middle ear?

A

Chorda tympani

64
Q

What is the function of chorda tympani?

A

Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Parasympathetic innervation to some salivary glands

65
Q

Which cranial nerve is the chorda tympani a branch of?

A

Facial nerve

66
Q

Where does chorda tympani enter and exit the middle ear?

A

Enters through posterior wall

Exits through anterior wall

67
Q

With which nerve does chorda tympani hitchhike to the mouth?

A

Inguinal nerve - branch of CN V

68
Q

From which wall does the auditory tube project?

A

Projects from anterior wall, anteriorly and inferiorly

69
Q

What is the route of the facial nerve through the middle ear?

A

Enters through internal auditory meatus
Arches over top of middle ear
Moves posteriorly to exit skull
Exits through stylomastoid foramen

70
Q

Which artery is very close to the facial nerve?

A

Internal carotid

71
Q

What is the bony labyrinth?

A

Oval window opens into series of spaces embedded in petrous part of temporal bone

72
Q

What is the fluid in the bony labyrinth?

73
Q

What is suspended inside the bony labyrinth?

A

Membranous labyrinth

74
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth made of?

A

Single tube of membrane

75
Q

What is the fluid in the membranous labyrinth?

76
Q

What is the shape of the cochlea?

A

Snail shell

77
Q

Where are the sensory receptors for hearing?

A

In cochlea

78
Q

How many semicircular canals are there?

79
Q

Where is the vestibule?

A

Between semicircular canals and cochlea

80
Q

Into which structure do the oval and round windows open?

81
Q

How does sound energy enter and exit the inner ear?

A

Enters through oval window

Exits through round window

82
Q

Where are the utricle and saccule?

A

In vestibule
Utricle superior
Saccule inferior

83
Q

What is the function of the untricle and saccule?

A

Provide info about static equilibrium

Also provide a little info about dynamic equilibrium

84
Q

What is knowing head position important for?

A

Balance

Many reflexes around this

85
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Head position

86
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Head movement

87
Q

What nerve carries sound information from the cochlear duct to the brain?

A

Cochlear nerve

88
Q

What nerve carries equilibrium information from the ampulla, utricle, and saccule to the brain?

A

Vestibular nerve?

89
Q

What nerves form CN VIII?

A

Cochlear nerve

Vestibular nerve

90
Q

What are the three semicircular ducts?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Horizontal

91
Q

Why is the orientation of the semicircular ducts important?

A

For equilibrium

92
Q

What is the orientation of the anterior semicircular duct?

A

Vertical

Projects anterolaterally

93
Q

What is the orientation of the posterior semicircular duct?

A

Vertical

Projects posterolaterally

94
Q

What is the orientation of the horizontal semicircular duct?

A

Horizontal

95
Q

What does the ampulla detect?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

96
Q

In which direction does the cochlear duct project?

A

Anteromedially along line of petrous part of temporal bone

97
Q

What is the frequency and amplitude of sound transmitted by the tympanic membrane as compared to that in air?

A

Same frequency

Relative amplitude

98
Q

What is the frequency and amplitude of sound transmitted by perilymph as compared to that in air?

A

Same frequency

Relative amplitude

99
Q

What does perilymph transmit sound energy to?

A

Membranous labyrinth and sensory receptors

100
Q

Where are the sensory receptors that respond best to high frequencies?

A

At base of cochlea

101
Q

Where are the sensory receptors that respond best to low frequencies?

A

At apex of cochlea

102
Q

What is coded by the amplitude of a sound wave?

103
Q

How do equilibrium sensory receptors work?

A

Endolymph heavy so with head movements it lags behind
Moves across ampulla to stimulate receptors
Brain decodes vector representation of head movement depending on relative excitation of receptors

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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