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MD1 Neuroscience > Modulation of Movement: Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Modulation of Movement: Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What does the motor cortex do?

A 
Initiation of voluntary movement
Skilled, dexterous movements
Integration of movement with 
- Maintenance of postural stability
- Goals
- Physical environment
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2
Q

What kind of motor patterns does the motor cortex coordinate?

A

Extended patterns of movement

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3
Q

Does the motor cortex exert ipsilateral or contralateral control of the body?

A

Contralateral

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4
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

A

Pre-central gyrus

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5
Q

What happens when areas more rostral to the motor cortex are stimulated?

A

More complex movements produced

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6
Q

What is the topographical mapping of the motor cortex?

A 
Lower limb medial
Upper limb more lateral
- Fingers and hands have large areas
Head and face lateral
- Large area from lips and mouth
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7
Q

What areas of the cortex are activated with simple movement?

A

Pre-central gyrus

Post-central gyrus in similar area

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8
Q

What areas of the cortex are activated with complex movement?

A

Pre-central gyrus
Post-central gyrus in similar area
Pre-motor areas

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9
Q

What areas of the cortex are activated with mental rehearsal of complex movment?

A

Motor association area only

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10
Q

What is really represented in the primary motor cortex?

A

Wherever hand is at start of stimulation of cortex, activation of area of motor cortex moves hand to particular region
Produces ecologically logical movements

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11
Q

Describe the experiment that demonstrates what mirror motor neurons are

A

Neurons would fire when monkeys observed experimenters doing things
These neurons recognised those tasks
When monkey performed same task, same neuron fires as well

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12
Q

What do mirror motor neurons recognise?

A

Same pattern of movements rather than same end goal

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13
Q

What is the likely reason for the existence of mirror motor neurons?

A

How we learn - people and monkeys learn a lot of things by watching

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14
Q

Where are the inputs to the primary motor cortex from

A

Association areas
Somatosensory cortex
Posterior parietal area

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15
Q

What does the posterior parietal area do?

A

Synthesises sensory information into egocentric map

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16
Q

Where do the pre-motor areas receive input from?

A

Posterior parietal areas
Pre-frontal areas responsible for salience of objects and tasks
- Goal driving
- Planning

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17
Q

What are the visual streams coming into the motor areas?

A

Dorsal

Ventral

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18
Q

What do the visual streams provide information to the motor cortex on?

A

Where things are

What things are

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19
Q

What types of movement do the visual streams “control”?

A 
Dorsal = where > reach
Ventral = what > grasping - hand shaping
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20
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Allow selection of complex patterns of voluntary movements
Evaluate success of actions in achieving goals of actions
Initiating movements

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21
Q

What is the relationship between the basal ganglia and motor cortex?

A

Basal ganglia modulate what happens in motor cortex

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22
Q

How do the basal ganglia project to the motor cortex?

A

Only via thalamus

23
Q

Do the basal ganglia project to other cortical regions?

A

Yes

24
Q

Which basal ganglia is destroyed in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra

25
Q

With what level of damage to the substantia nigra do clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease appear?

A

80% of neurons lost

26
Q

Why is the substantia pigmented black?

A

Presence of black pigment melanin in dopaminergic neurons

27
Q

What basal ganglia are affected in Huntington’s disease?

A

Caudate

Lenticular nucleus

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the Parkinsonian gait?

A

Stooped posture
Turning by small shuffling steps
Tremor in limbs
Bradykinesia

29
Q

What is the role of dopamine in the basal ganglia?

A

Facilitates pathway of information from basal ganglia to motor cortex

30
Q

What are the characteristics of chorea in Huntington’s disease?

A

Quick irregular involuntary muscle twitches

Hyperactivity of hands, feet, and sometimes entire limb

31
Q

Where does input from the motor cortex come into the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum

32
Q

How many pathways are there from the basal ganglia to the motor cortex?

A

Two, via thalamus

33
Q

Describe the direct pathway from the basal ganglia to the motor cortex?

A

Facilitates movements
Selects movement patterns to go together to make coherent motor plan
Facilitated by dopamine
Removes inhibition

34
Q

Describe the indirect pathway from the basal ganglia to the motor cortex?

A

Stops movement from happening, especially those that interfere with those that are happening
Excites inhibitory neurons to inhibit these pathways
Dopamine reduces activity

35
Q

What is the role of having both a direct and indirect pathway?

A

Movements selected stand out more clearly by inhibiting all others

36
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinating timing and sequence of muscle actions and movements
Maintenance of tone
Motor learning
Planning sequences of muscle activation for complex movements

37
Q

What inputs does the cerebellum receive?

A

Copies of motor commands from motor cortex

Ascending information to see how motor command went

38
Q

What does the cerebellum do with the information it receives from the motor cortex and ascending information?

A

Compares two to adjust movement

39
Q

What cortical structures does the cerebellum link with?

A

Primary and associated motor cortices

40
Q

What is the gross structure of the cerebellum?

A

Tightly folded
Three lobes
Cerebellar peduncles attach it to brainstem

41
Q

Where do fibres in the cerebellar peduncles connect to?

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

42
Q

What is the functional organisation of the cerebellum?

A

Approx medial to lateral

43
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Inability to appropriately integrate/coordinate movement

44
Q

What happens with a lesion in the cerebellum?

A

Ataxia

45
Q

Does a unilateral lesion in the cerebellum have a contralateral or ipsilateral effect?

A

Generally ipsilateral

46
Q

What is anterior lobe syndrome?

A

Ataxic gait

Loss of inter-limb coordination

47
Q

Why does anterior lobe syndrome occur?

A

Chronic ethanol toxicity > anterior Purkinje cells in cerebellum preferentially lost

48
Q

How does anterior lobe syndrome progress?

A

Progression of pathology posterioly involves upper limbs and facial muscle dys-coordination

49
Q

What is posterior lobe syndrome?

A 
Dysemtria
Dysdiadochokinesia
Speech abnormality
- Loss of natural rhythm
- Slurring across syllables
- Overcompensation by explosive speech
50
Q

What is dysemtria?

A

Overshoot in precision speech

51
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Inability to rapidly alternate movements

52
Q

What is flocculonodular lobe syndrome?

A

Truncal ataxia

  • Difficulty walking
  • In severe cases: difficulty standing and sitting
53
Q

Why are cerebellar lesions ipsilateral to deficits?

A

One side of cerebellum sends output > crosses midline > info received by contralateral motor cortex
Motor cortex sends information to body on contralateral side
= double cross

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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