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MD1 Neuroscience > Larynx and Laryngopharynx (ENT 4) > Flashcards

Larynx and Laryngopharynx (ENT 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Voice box

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2
Q

What is the upper border of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

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3
Q

What is the lower border of the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilage at the level of C6

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4
Q

Where is the larynx in relation to the trachea?

A

Sits at very top

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5
Q

What does the larynx communicate with?

A

Opening posteriorly communicates with airways and pharynx

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6
Q

What is the opening between the larynx and airways called?

A

Laryngeal inlet

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7
Q

What is the role of the laryngeal inlet?

A

Allows air to get in and out of lower airways

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8
Q

What makes up the laryngeal skeleton?

A

Most superior = hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Most inferior = cricoid cartilage

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9
Q

What is the Adam’s apple?

A

Angle of the thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

Where does the cricoid cartilage sit?

A

On top of trachea

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11
Q

How are the cartilages arranged around the airways?

A

Wrapped around them

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12
Q

What closes the space between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

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13
Q

What closes the space between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage?

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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14
Q

Is the cricoid cartilage deficient anywhere?

A

No, entirely closed

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15
Q

Describe the arch of the cricoid cartilage

A

Short
In midline
Anterior

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16
Q

Describe the lamina of the cricoid cartilage

A

Tall
In midline
Posterior

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17
Q

Where are the arytenoid cartilages located?

A

Posterolaterally on cricoid cartilage (on both sides)

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18
Q

What shape is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Pyramidal

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19
Q

What is the muscular process on the arytenoid cartilage for?

A

Attachment of muscles

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20
Q

Where is the muscular process on the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Laterally

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21
Q

What is the vocal process on the arytenoid cartilage for?

A

Attachment of vocal ligaments

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22
Q

In what direction does the vocal process on the arytenoid cartilage project?

A

Inwards

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23
Q

How do the arytenoid cartilages move?

A

Swivel on axis going through midline of pyramid

Slide towards each other in midline

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24
Q

Why do the arytenoid cartilages move?

A

To move vocal ligaments

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25
Is the thyroid cartilage deficient anywhere?
Yes, posteriorly
26
Where is the angle of the thyroid cartilage located?
Anteriorly
27
Where is the laryngeal inlet in relation to the thyroid cartilage?
Sits in deficiency posteriorly
28
What does the thyroid cartilage articulate with inferiorly?
Cricoid cartilage
29
Where does the thyrohyoid membrane attach to the thyroid cartilage>
Horns located superiorly
30
Where does the epiglottic cartilage take origin from?
Posterior aspect from angle of thyroid cartilage
31
In what direction does the epiglottic cartilage project?
Upwards from angle of thyroid cartilage
32
Where is the epiglottic cartilage in relation to the hyoid bone?
Behind and above
33
Where is the epiglottic cartilage in relation to the tongue?
Just on posterior aspect of tongue
34
What is the role of the epiglottic cartilage?
Bolus of food pushes cartilage down > closes laryngeal inlet
35
From where does the vocal ligament take origin?
Arytenoid cartilage posteriorly, one from each
36
What is the route of the vocal ligaments?
Run together towards midline to just underneath inferior aspect of epiglottic cartilage
37
What does the epiglottic cartilage and the mucosa overlying it form?
Epiglottis
38
What is the fold formed by the mucosa above the vocal ligaments called?
Vestibular fold = false vocal cord
39
What does the vocal ligaments and the overlying mucosa form?
Vocal fold = true vocal cord
40
What is the role of the vestibular fold?
If something aspirated down larnyx, won't hit true vocal cord
41
How is sound by the vocal cords made?
Vocal ligaments adducted > push air past them > vibrate > make sound
42
How are the vocal cords position to allow breathing?
Abducted
43
How is the position of the vocal ligaments changed?
Intrinsic muscles of larynx act largely on muscular process of arytenoid cartilages > cartilages swivel and slide > vocal ligaments alter position
44
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
``` Posterior cricoarytenoid Transverse and oblique arytenoids Lateral cricoarytenoid Cricothyroid Thyroarytenoid Vocalis ```
45
What are the attachments of the posterior cricoarytenoid?
Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage | Posterior aspect of cricoid cartilage
46
What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Pulls muscular processes together posteriorly > moves vocal ligaments away from each other > abducts vocal ligaments
47
Which muscle is the only abductor of the vocal ligaments?
Cricoarytenoid
48
What are the attachments of the transverse and oblique arytenoids?
Run directly between two arytenoid cartilages
49
What is the action of the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles?
Pulls arytenoid cartilages together > slide towards each other in midline > contribute to adduction of vocal ligaments and phonation
50
What are the attachments of the lateral cricoarytenoid?
Lateral aspect of cricoid | Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
51
What is the action of the lateral cricoarytenoid?
Pulls muscular processes away from each other > vocal ligaments move towards each other > adducts vocal ligaments, producing sound
52
What are the attachments of the cricothyroid?
Thyroid cartilage | Anteriorly to cricoid cartilage
53
What is the action of the cricothyroid?
Pulls thyroid cartilage forward > stretches vocal ligaments > produces higher pitched sounds
54
What are the attachments of the thyroarytenoid?
Thyroid cartilage | Arytenoid cartilage
55
What are the attachments of the vocalis?
Runs length of vocal ligament
56
What is the action of the thyroarytenoid and vocalis?
Together when they contract, make vocal ligaments more lax > produce lower pitched sounds
57
Where are the nerves supplying the muscles and sensory innervation of the mucosa of the larynx derived from?
Branches of vagus
58
Which nerve is most superior in the larynx?
Superior laryngeal
59
What does the external laryngeal nerve do?
Motor innervation to cricothyroid
60
What does damage to the external laryngeal nerve mean?
Can't produce high pitched sounds
61
What does the internal laryngeal nerve do?
Pierces mucosa | Sensory innervation to mucosa above vocal ligaments
62
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve do?
Sensory innervation to mucosa below vocal ligament | Motor innervation to intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid as inferior laryngeal nerve?
63
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Superficial to cricoid cartilage and thrachea
64
What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
65
What is the blood supply to the structures deep to the thyroid gland?
Branches of superior and inferior thyroid arteries
66
Why is establishing an emergency airway through the trachea not a good ide?
Area very vascular > get bleeding into airways
67
Where should you make an emergency airway?
At cricothyroid membrane - Less vascular - Avoid damage to vocal ligaments
68
Where is the laryngopharynx?
Behind larynx
69
What closes the laryngeal inlet completely when swallowing a bolus of food?
Bolus partly pushes epiglottis down | Larynx elevates
70
What structure does fluid spill into during swallowing to avoid the airways?
Around laryngeal inlet into pririform recess
71
What is the sensory nerve supply of the pharynx?
Branches of glossopharyngeal nerve
72
Which nerve reinforces sensory innervation in the nasopharynx?
Branches of trigeminal nerve
73
Which nerve reinforces sensory innervation in the laryngopharynx?
Branches of vagus nerve
74
What forms the afferent half of the gag reflex?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
75
What is the motor nerve supply of the pharynx?
Branches of vagus, except for stylopharyngeus
76
What is the motor nerve supply to the stylopharyngeus?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
77
What forms the efferent half of the gag reflex?
Vagus nerve

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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