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MD1 Neuroscience > Larynx and Laryngopharynx (ENT 4) > Flashcards

Larynx and Laryngopharynx (ENT 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Voice box

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2
Q

What is the upper border of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

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3
Q

What is the lower border of the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilage at the level of C6

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4
Q

Where is the larynx in relation to the trachea?

A

Sits at very top

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5
Q

What does the larynx communicate with?

A

Opening posteriorly communicates with airways and pharynx

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6
Q

What is the opening between the larynx and airways called?

A

Laryngeal inlet

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7
Q

What is the role of the laryngeal inlet?

A

Allows air to get in and out of lower airways

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8
Q

What makes up the laryngeal skeleton?

A

Most superior = hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Most inferior = cricoid cartilage

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9
Q

What is the Adam’s apple?

A

Angle of the thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

Where does the cricoid cartilage sit?

A

On top of trachea

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11
Q

How are the cartilages arranged around the airways?

A

Wrapped around them

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12
Q

What closes the space between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

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13
Q

What closes the space between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage?

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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14
Q

Is the cricoid cartilage deficient anywhere?

A

No, entirely closed

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15
Q

Describe the arch of the cricoid cartilage

A

Short
In midline
Anterior

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16
Q

Describe the lamina of the cricoid cartilage

A

Tall
In midline
Posterior

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17
Q

Where are the arytenoid cartilages located?

A

Posterolaterally on cricoid cartilage (on both sides)

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18
Q

What shape is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Pyramidal

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19
Q

What is the muscular process on the arytenoid cartilage for?

A

Attachment of muscles

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20
Q

Where is the muscular process on the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Laterally

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21
Q

What is the vocal process on the arytenoid cartilage for?

A

Attachment of vocal ligaments

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22
Q

In what direction does the vocal process on the arytenoid cartilage project?

A

Inwards

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23
Q

How do the arytenoid cartilages move?

A

Swivel on axis going through midline of pyramid

Slide towards each other in midline

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24
Q

Why do the arytenoid cartilages move?

A

To move vocal ligaments

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25
Q

Is the thyroid cartilage deficient anywhere?

A

Yes, posteriorly

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26
Q

Where is the angle of the thyroid cartilage located?

A

Anteriorly

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27
Q

Where is the laryngeal inlet in relation to the thyroid cartilage?

A

Sits in deficiency posteriorly

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28
Q

What does the thyroid cartilage articulate with inferiorly?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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29
Q

Where does the thyrohyoid membrane attach to the thyroid cartilage>

A

Horns located superiorly

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30
Q

Where does the epiglottic cartilage take origin from?

A

Posterior aspect from angle of thyroid cartilage

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31
Q

In what direction does the epiglottic cartilage project?

A

Upwards from angle of thyroid cartilage

32
Q

Where is the epiglottic cartilage in relation to the hyoid bone?

A

Behind and above

33
Q

Where is the epiglottic cartilage in relation to the tongue?

A

Just on posterior aspect of tongue

34
Q

What is the role of the epiglottic cartilage?

A

Bolus of food pushes cartilage down > closes laryngeal inlet

35
Q

From where does the vocal ligament take origin?

A

Arytenoid cartilage posteriorly, one from each

36
Q

What is the route of the vocal ligaments?

A

Run together towards midline to just underneath inferior aspect of epiglottic cartilage

37
Q

What does the epiglottic cartilage and the mucosa overlying it form?

A

Epiglottis

38
Q

What is the fold formed by the mucosa above the vocal ligaments called?

A

Vestibular fold = false vocal cord

39
Q

What does the vocal ligaments and the overlying mucosa form?

A

Vocal fold = true vocal cord

40
Q

What is the role of the vestibular fold?

A

If something aspirated down larnyx, won’t hit true vocal cord

41
Q

How is sound by the vocal cords made?

A

Vocal ligaments adducted > push air past them > vibrate > make sound

42
Q

How are the vocal cords position to allow breathing?

A

Abducted

43
Q

How is the position of the vocal ligaments changed?

A

Intrinsic muscles of larynx act largely on muscular process of arytenoid cartilages > cartilages swivel and slide > vocal ligaments alter position

44
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A 
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Transverse and oblique arytenoids
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid
Vocalis
45
Q

What are the attachments of the posterior cricoarytenoid?

A

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

Posterior aspect of cricoid cartilage

46
Q

What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Pulls muscular processes together posteriorly > moves vocal ligaments away from each other > abducts vocal ligaments

47
Q

Which muscle is the only abductor of the vocal ligaments?

A

Cricoarytenoid

48
Q

What are the attachments of the transverse and oblique arytenoids?

A

Run directly between two arytenoid cartilages

49
Q

What is the action of the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles?

A

Pulls arytenoid cartilages together > slide towards each other in midline > contribute to adduction of vocal ligaments and phonation

50
Q

What are the attachments of the lateral cricoarytenoid?

A

Lateral aspect of cricoid

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

51
Q

What is the action of the lateral cricoarytenoid?

A

Pulls muscular processes away from each other > vocal ligaments move towards each other > adducts vocal ligaments, producing sound

52
Q

What are the attachments of the cricothyroid?

A

Thyroid cartilage

Anteriorly to cricoid cartilage

53
Q

What is the action of the cricothyroid?

A

Pulls thyroid cartilage forward > stretches vocal ligaments > produces higher pitched sounds

54
Q

What are the attachments of the thyroarytenoid?

A

Thyroid cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage

55
Q

What are the attachments of the vocalis?

A

Runs length of vocal ligament

56
Q

What is the action of the thyroarytenoid and vocalis?

A

Together when they contract, make vocal ligaments more lax > produce lower pitched sounds

57
Q

Where are the nerves supplying the muscles and sensory innervation of the mucosa of the larynx derived from?

A

Branches of vagus

58
Q

Which nerve is most superior in the larynx?

A

Superior laryngeal

59
Q

What does the external laryngeal nerve do?

A

Motor innervation to cricothyroid

60
Q

What does damage to the external laryngeal nerve mean?

A

Can’t produce high pitched sounds

61
Q

What does the internal laryngeal nerve do?

A

Pierces mucosa

Sensory innervation to mucosa above vocal ligaments

62
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve do?

A

Sensory innervation to mucosa below vocal ligament

Motor innervation to intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid as inferior laryngeal nerve?

63
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Superficial to cricoid cartilage and thrachea

64
Q

What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

65
Q

What is the blood supply to the structures deep to the thyroid gland?

A

Branches of superior and inferior thyroid arteries

66
Q

Why is establishing an emergency airway through the trachea not a good ide?

A

Area very vascular > get bleeding into airways

67
Q

Where should you make an emergency airway?

A

At cricothyroid membrane

  • Less vascular
  • Avoid damage to vocal ligaments
68
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

Behind larynx

69
Q

What closes the laryngeal inlet completely when swallowing a bolus of food?

A

Bolus partly pushes epiglottis down

Larynx elevates

70
Q

What structure does fluid spill into during swallowing to avoid the airways?

A

Around laryngeal inlet into pririform recess

71
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply of the pharynx?

A

Branches of glossopharyngeal nerve

72
Q

Which nerve reinforces sensory innervation in the nasopharynx?

A

Branches of trigeminal nerve

73
Q

Which nerve reinforces sensory innervation in the laryngopharynx?

A

Branches of vagus nerve

74
Q

What forms the afferent half of the gag reflex?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

75
Q

What is the motor nerve supply of the pharynx?

A

Branches of vagus, except for stylopharyngeus

76
Q

What is the motor nerve supply to the stylopharyngeus?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

77
Q

What forms the efferent half of the gag reflex?

A

Vagus nerve

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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