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MD1 Neuroscience > Hearing > Flashcards

Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What is exophthalmia?

A

Eyes bulging out

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2
Q

What are wavelengths/frequency perceived as?

A

Pitch

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3
Q

What is amplitude perceived as?

A

Loudness

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4
Q

What is waveform perceived as?

A

Tone/timbre

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5
Q

What moves the ossicles?

A

Tympanic membrane

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6
Q

What moves the oval window?

A

Ossicles

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7
Q

What transforms the physical motion of the oval window into a neural response?

A

Cochlea

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8
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

Match impedance of air to impedance of fluid in inner ear

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9
Q

How is the pressure increased at the oval window?

A

Tympanic membrane 20 times larger

Lever action of ossicles

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10
Q

By how much is the pressure increased at the oval window compared to the tympanic membrane?

A

200 times

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11
Q

What are the chambers of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli - superior
Scala media - middle
Scala tympani - inferior

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12
Q

Where is the hearing apparatus located in the cochlear chambers?

A

Between scala media and scala tympani

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13
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

Coiled part of cochlea

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14
Q

What is the structure of the basilar membrane?

A

Wider at apex than base

Stiffer at base

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15
Q

Which part of the basilar membrane responds to high frequencies?

A

Base

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16
Q

Which part of the basilar membrane responds to low frequencies?

A

Apex

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17
Q

How does the stapes move fluid in the inner ear?

A

Moves against oval window to move fluid

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18
Q

Which cells are the auditory receptors?

A

Hair cells

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19
Q

What is the cell type of hair cells?

A

Specialised epithelial cells

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20
Q

Where are the hair cells located?

A

Between basilar membrane and reticular lamina

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21
Q

How are the hair cells moved?

A

Pushed and pulled between basilar membrane and reticular lamina

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22
Q

What is the function of the organ of Corti?

A

Where sound waves transduced to neural signals

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23
Q

What are the two types of hair cells?

A

Inner

Outer

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24
Q

Which type of hair cell are there more ov?

A

Outer

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25
Q

How many stereocilia does each hair cell have?

A

100

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26
Q

What causes a neuronal signal?

A

Bending of stereocilia

27
Q

What is the function of stereocilia of outer hair cells?

A

Amplify sound

28
Q

What is the function of stereocilia of inner hair cells?

A

Transduce sound to electrical signal

29
Q

What force moves stereocilia?

A

Shear force

30
Q

What is the status of potassium channels, and thus membrane potential of hair cells?

A

K channels partially open

Cell partly depolarisd

31
Q

What does deflection of the hair bundle towards the tallest stereocilium cause?

A

Opening of K channels > more K into cell > depolarisation

32
Q

What does deflection of the hair bundle towards the shortest stereocilium cause?

A

Closing of K channels > less K into cell > hyperpolarisation

33
Q

What does depolarisation of hair cells cause?

A

Opening of voltage-gated Ca channels

34
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by the depolarisation of hair cells?

A

Glutamate

35
Q

Which is larger in hair cells: depolarisation or hyperpolarisation?

A

Depolarisation

36
Q

What structure recycles potassium in the cochlea?

A

Vasa vascularis

37
Q

Through what structures does potassium cycle in the cochlea?

A

Scala tympani > scala media > hair cell > scala tympani

38
Q

What is the proportion of inner hair cell nerves projecting to brainstem nuclei?

A

95%

39
Q

How do outer hair cells amplify sound?

A

Amplify movement of basilar membrane because attached to tectorial membrane

40
Q

From which structure do outer hair cells receive efferent input?

A

Superior olivary complex

41
Q

How do outer hair cells accentuate the movement of the basilar membrane?

A

Depolarisation > cell contraction

Hyperpolarisation > cell elongation

42
Q

What is the protein in outer hair cells that changes in size depending on membrane potential?

A

Prestin

43
Q

What is the auditory pathway?

A 
Ear
- Hair cells
- CN VIII
- Spiral ganglion
Brainstem
- Cochlear nucleus in medulla
- Superior olive
- Lateral lemniscus
Midbrain
- Inferior colliculus
Thalamus
- Medial geniculate nucleus
Temporal lobe
- Auditory cortex
44
Q

Where does auditory information decussate?

A

At cochlear nucleus

45
Q

What mediates sound localisation

A

Relay nuclei in brainstem

46
Q

What are the parts of the superior olivary complex?

A

Lateral superior olive
Medial superior olive
Trapezoid body

47
Q

What is the function of the superior olivary complex?

A

Localise sound in horizontal domain

48
Q

What does the medial superior olive do?

A

Localise sound by measuring time delay

- Only for low frequencies

49
Q

What does the lateral superior olive do?

A

Loalise sound by sensing intensity differences

- Only for high frequencies

50
Q

How is sound localised in the medial superior olive?

A

Neurons from both ears synapse on same neuron in medial superior olive
Time delay between two signals measured

51
Q

How is sound localised in the lateral superior olive?

A

Head acts like shadow
Ear closer to sound hears a greater intensity than ear on other side > lateral superior olive detects difference in excitation from two ears
Further inhibition of other lateral superior olive via medial nucleus of trapezoid bodies

52
Q

What is the Brodmann’s area of the auditory cortex?

A

Area 41

53
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

Herschl’s gyrus in temporal lobe

54
Q

How are neurons organised in the auditory cortex?

A

By frequency - tonotopically organised
Alternating regions of input from both ears
Core area and belt area around it

55
Q

To which hemisphere are speech sounds lateralised?

A

Left

56
Q

To which hemisphere are environmental sounds lateralised?

A

Both

57
Q

To which hemisphere is music lateralised?

A

Right

58
Q

What does the dorsal pathway encode?

A

Where

59
Q

What does the ventral pathway encode?

A

What

60
Q

Where do the dorsal and ventral pathways converge?

A

Prefrontal cortex

61
Q

What are some peripheral causes of sudden hearing loss?

A

Meningitis
Guillain-Barre
Acoustic neuroma
Metastasis

62
Q

What is a central cause of sudden hearing loss?

A

MS

63
Q

What is a cochlear cause of sudden hearing loss?

A

Infection

  • HSV
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Trauma
  • Metabolic
  • Vascular
  • Ototoxicity

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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