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MD1 Neuroscience > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

12 paired nerves

Connected to brain

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2
Q

What do cranial nerves supply?

A

Somatic and visceral motor and and sensory info to head

CN IX and X also supply visceral sensory and motor innervation to neck, chest, and abdomen

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3
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

A

Olfactory

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4
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

A

Optic

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5
Q

What is cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor

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6
Q

What is cranial nerve IV?

A

Trochlear

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7
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal

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8
Q

What is cranial nerve VI?

A

Abducent

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9
Q

What is cranial nerve VII?

A

Facial

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10
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

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11
Q

What is cranial nerve IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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12
Q

What is cranial nerve X?

A

Vagus

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13
Q

What is cranial nerve XI?

A

Accessory?

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14
Q

What is cranial nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal

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15
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?

A

CN I
CN II
CN VIII

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16
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely motor?

A 
CN III
CN IV
CN VI
CN XI
CN XII
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17
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed?

A

CN V
CN VII
CN IX
CN X

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18
Q

What are cranial nerves connected centrally to?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei

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19
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the brainstem?

A

CN III to CN XII

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20
Q

How are cranial nerves organised?

A

Rostral to caudal roughly in order of target tissues they’re associated with

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21
Q

On which surface do cranial nerves exit?

A

All exit ventrally

Except CN IV - exits dorsally

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22
Q

Which cranial nerve crosses over before leaving the brain?

A

CN IV

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23
Q

From where do motor nerves exit?

A

Located medially

Exit close to midline

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24
Q

How are the motor nerve nuclei organised?

A

In 3 columns close to midline

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25
Q

What are the three motor nerve nuclei columns, from medial to lateral?

A

Somatic
Branchial
Visceral

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26
Q

Which nerves have somatic motor fibres?

A

CN III
CN IV
CN VI
CN XII

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27
Q

Which nerves have branchial motor fibres?

A

Mandibular division of CN V
CN VII
CN IX
CN X

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28
Q

What is the nucleus ambiguus?

A

Mostly motor nucleus
Lies behind inferior olive
Sends fibres to stylopharyngus via CN IX
Sends fibres to levator palati via CN X

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29
Q

Which nerves have visceral efferents?

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CN X

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30
Q

From which nucleus do autonomic fibres of CN III originate?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

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31
Q

From which nucleus do autonomic fibres of CN VII originate?

A

Superior salivatory nucleus

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32
Q

From which nucleus do autonomic fibres of CN IX originate?

A

Inferior salivatory nucleus

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33
Q

From which nucleus do autonomic fibres of CN X originate?

A

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

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34
Q

How are the sensory nuclei organised?

A

3 columns laterally

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35
Q

What are the three columns of sensory nuclei, from medial to lateral?

A

Visceral sensory
Somatic sensory
Special sensory

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36
Q

Which nerves have visceral afferents?

A

CN VII
CN IX
CN X

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37
Q

Which nerves are sometimes called special visceral afferents, and why?

A

For taste

  • CN VII
  • CN IX
  • CN X
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38
Q

What is the nucleus solitarius?

A

Extends from pons to level of nucleus gracilis
Rostral = gustatory nucleus
- VII, IX, X: Primary afferents receiving input from taste buds and palate
Caudal = visceral sensory division
- X: Afferents from heart and abdominal viscera
- IX: Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors from carotid body and sinus

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39
Q

What are the special senses and their corresponding cranial nerves?

A

Smell = CN I - olfactory
Sight = CN II - optic
Hearing and equilibrium = CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

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40
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the midbrain?

A

CN III

CN IV

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41
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the pons?

A

CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN VIII

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42
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the medulla?

A

CN VIII
CN IX
CN X
CN XII

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43
Q

What are the functions of the olfactory nerve (CN I)?

A

Special sensory - sense of smell

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44
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve exit the skull?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone?

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45
Q

Where is the olfactory cortex?

A

In insula

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46
Q

What are the functions of the optic nerve (CN II)?

A

Special sensory - vision

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47
Q

Where does the optic nerve exit the skull?

A

Optic canal in sphenoid bone

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48
Q

Where does the optic nerve synapse in the thalamus?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

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49
Q

What happens at the optic chiasm?

A

Some axons cross here

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50
Q

Where does information from the lateral geniculate nucleus go?

A

Visual cortex

51
Q

How many extraocular muscles are there?

A

6

52
Q

What are the extraocular muscles?

A 
Rectus muscles
- Superior rectus
- Inferior rectus
- Lateral rectus
- Medial rectus
Oblique muscles
- Superior oblique
- Inferior oblique
53
Q

Which cranial nerves go to the extraocular muscles?

A

CN III
CN IV
CN VI

54
Q

What do the cranial nerves innervating the extraocular muscles do?

A

Act in coordinated fashion

55
Q

Where do CN III, CN IV, and CN VI exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure, between the wings of the sphenoid bone

56
Q

What is the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?

A 
Somatic motor
- Medial rectus
- Superior rectus
- Inferior rectus
- Inferior oblique
Visceral motor
- Iris (pupils)
- Ciliary muscle (focusing)
57
Q

What are the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Somatic motor: oculomotor nucleus near midline

Visceral motor: lateral to somatic motor nucleus

58
Q

Which cranial nerves enter the orbit?

A

CN III
CN IV
CN VI
CN V1

59
Q

How do all structures enter the orbit from the skull?

A

Via superior orbital fissure

60
Q

Why is it relevant that cranial nerves often exit in groups?

A

Affected in disease together

61
Q

What nerves exit from the cribiform plate?

A

Olfactory nerve

62
Q

What nerves exit from the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve

63
Q

What nerves exit from the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

64
Q

What nerves exit the auditory canal?

A

Facial nerve

Vestibulocochlear nerve

65
Q

What nerves exit the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve

66
Q

What nerves exit the hypoglossal foramen?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

67
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex?

A

Sensory inputs to brain from retina via CN II

Motor outputs to sphincter pupillae muscle in iris

68
Q

Which nucleus provides the parasympathetic fibres in the oculomotor nerve?

A

Edinger Westfal nucleus

69
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex used for?

A

To test midbrain function

70
Q

What is the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

A

Somatic sensory

Branchial mtoro

71
Q

What are the functions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Sensory: input from face, inside of mouth, and soft palate
Motor: muscles of mastication, and tensor tympani in inner ear

72
Q

With which branch of the trigeminal nerve do its motor fibres travel?

A

Mandibular branch

73
Q

What does the tensor tympani do?

A

Dampen sound from chewing

74
Q

Where is the tensor tympani muscle?

A

In inner ear

75
Q

Where are the trigeminal nuclei?

A

From midbrain to upper spinal cord

76
Q

What are the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Mesencephalic - mostly proprioception
Chief sensory - mostly fine touch
Spinal trigeminal - particularly important for pain
Motor

77
Q

What is the pathway for somatosensory information from the face?

A

Primary nerve = trigeminal nerve > synapses in trigeminal nucleus
Secondary nerve crosses midline > passes up brainstem > thalamus
Tertiary nerve from thalamus > cortex

78
Q

How does the trigeminal nerve exit the brainstem?

A

As two roots

  • Motor
  • Sensory
79
Q

Which ganglion do the trigeminal sensory nerves travel to?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

80
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic - eyes, nose, and forehead
Maxillary - cheeks
Mandibular - jaw, teeth, and tongue

81
Q

What foramina does the trigeminal nerve exit the skulll through?

A 
V1 = superior orbital fissure
V2 = foramen rotundum
V3 = foramen ovale
82
Q

What is the corneal blink reflex?

A

Sensory: CN V1
Motor: to eyelid by CN VII

83
Q

What is the corneal blink reflex used for?

A

Test of pontine function

84
Q

What type of nerve is the facial nerve (CN VII)?

A

Branchial motor
Visceral effernt
Visceral sensory
Somatic sensory

85
Q

What are the roles of the facial nerve?

A

Motor

  • Innervates muscles of facial expression
  • Stapedius muscle in ear
  • Part of digastric muscle
86
Q

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

A

Dampens sound if it’s too loud

87
Q

What is the most common cause of CN VII loss of function?

A

Bell’s palsy

88
Q

What is nervus intermedius?

A

Branch of facial nerve

89
Q

What is the function of nervus intermedius?

A

Parasympathetic
- Lacrimal glands
- Sublingual and submandibulary salivary glands
Taste
- From anterior 2/3 of tongue and soft palate
Sensation
- From small region near external auditory meatus

90
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve innervates the lacrimal glands?

A

Greater petrosal

91
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve carries taste information from the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani

92
Q

Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

93
Q

What are the five terminal branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
94
Q

What is the function of the five terminal branches of the facial nerve?

A

Motor innervation for the muscles of facial expression

95
Q

What is the course of the facial nerve?

A

Brainstem > passes internal acoustic meatus > greater petrosal branch > branch to stapedius > chorda tympani branch > exits skull through stylomastoid foramen > posterior auricular branch > terminal branches

96
Q

What is the relationship between the terminal branches of the facial nerve and the parotid gland?

A

Go through parotid but don’t innervate it

97
Q

What type of nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?

A

Special sensory - hearing and balance

98
Q

What are the nuclei of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

Four vestibular nuclei

99
Q

Which division of the brainstem are the nuclei of the vestibulocochlear nerve located in?

A

On border of pons and medulla

100
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve exit the skull?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

101
Q

What type of nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

A

Somatic sensory
Special sensory - taste
Visceral motor
Motor

102
Q

What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A 
Sensory
- Posterior 1/3 of tongue
- Pharynx
- Middle ear
- Carotid body
Taste
- Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Visceral motor
- Parasympathetic to parotid gland
Motor
- Stylopharyngeus
103
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

104
Q

What is the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Rootlets from different columns of brainstem > jugular foramen lateral and in front of CN X and CN XI > superior and inferior sensory ganglia > between internal and external carotid arteries > follows stylopharyngeus to oropharynx and tongue

105
Q

What type of nerve is the vagus nerve (CN X)?

A 
Branchial motor
Visceral motor
Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory (special) taste
Visceral sensory (general)
106
Q

What is the most important function of the vagus nerv?

A

Autonomic

107
Q

Which branch of the vagus nerve innervates the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

108
Q

What are the motor functions of the vagus nerve?

A

Many striated muscles

  • Soft palate
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Upper oesophagus
  • 1 tongue muscle
109
Q

What are the parasympathetic functions of the vagus nerve?

A

Many

- From pharynx to upper abdomen

110
Q

What are the sensory functions of the vagus nerve?

A

Pharynx
Larynx
Oesophagus

111
Q

What are the visceral sensory functions of the vagus nerve?

A

Input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of aortic arch

Taste from epiglottis and pharynx

112
Q

What is the gag reflex?

A

Sensory: CN IX
Motor: CN X

113
Q

What is the gag reflex used for?

A

Test medullary function

114
Q

Where is the nucleus of the accessory nerve?

A

Upper 5-6 of cervical spinal cord

115
Q

What is the course of the accessory nerve?

A

Enters cranium via foramen magnum
Travels with X roots
Exits via jugular foramen

116
Q

What type of nerve is the accessory nerve (CN XI)?

A

Motor

117
Q

What is the function of the accessory nerve?

A

Motor input to sternomastoid and upper part of trapezius

118
Q

In general, structures on which side do cranial nerves relate?

A

Ipsilateral

119
Q

What is the exception to the ipsilateral relationship of structures and cranial nerves?

A

Trochlear nerve - crosses before exiting midbrain

120
Q

What type of motor neuron are cranial nerves innervating muscle?

A

Lower motor neurons

121
Q

What type of nerve is the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?

A

Somatic motor

122
Q

What are the functions of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Motor innervation to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue

123
Q

Which muscle of the tongue doesn’t the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

Palatoglossus - innervated by CN X

124
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull?

A

Hypoglossal foramen

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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