musculoskeletal pathophysiology Flashcards
injuries are caused by…
transfer of energy
speed has a larger effect on energy than does…
mass
what % of people will display severe injuries despite having normal vital signs initially?
5-15%
generalised mechanisms require what survey?
rapid trauma
What survey for a focused mechanism?
focused examination
greenstick fracture
not completely broken
spiral fracture
twisted fracture
comminuted
crushed
transverse
straight brake
compound fracture
protruding bone
dislocation is
an abnormal separation of the joint surfaces
subluxation is
partial dislocation
soft tissue injuries are damage to…
muscle, ligaments, tendons
DCAP- BTLS- IC: D stands for
deformity
DCAP- BTLS- IC: C stands for
contusions
DCAP- BTLS- IC: A stands for
abrasions
DCAP- BTLS- IC: P stands for
penetration
DCAP- BTLS- IC: B stands for
burns
DCAP- BTLS- IC: T stands for
tenderness
DCAP- BTLS- IC: L stands for
lacerations
DCAP- BTLS- IC: S stands for
swelling
DCAP- BTLS- IC: I stands for
instability
DCAP- BTLS- IC: C stands for
crepitus
Over 65’s are more at risk for…
fractures
Unstable fracture means what?
high risk of blood loss
how many people sustain acute traumatic injuries to the spinal cord in the UK each year?
approximately 1000
Major causes of spinal cord injuries are?
falls (41.7%), road traffic accidents (36.8%) and sporting (11.6%)
Mechanisms of spinal injuries are…
Axial Stress, axial Loading, compression common between T12 and L2, distraction, combination Distraction/Rotation or Compression /Flexion, other MOI–Direct, Blunt, or Penetrating trauma–Electrocution
4 types of column injury
Movement of vertebrae from normal position, subluxation or Dislocation, fractures, ruptured intervertebral discs
What are the types of column injuries in fractures?
Spinous process and transverse process, pedicle and Laminae, vertebral body
3 types of cord injury
Laceration; haemorrhage into cord tissue, swelling and disruption of impulses; haemorrhage.
What is a primary cord injury
Damage is immediate and irreversible. Cord is cut, torn, crushed, or loses blood supply
What is a secondary cord injury
Cord injury develops later from: Hypoxia, swelling, hypotension, compression from bleeding or swelling around the cord. Good patient care will limit secondary injury
Name as many signs and symptoms of cord injuries as you can
Extremity paralysis, pain with & without movement, tenderness along spine, impaired breathing, spinal deformity, priapism, posturing, loss of bowel or bladder control, nerve impairment to extremities.
How many m^2 would 0.5 litres of blood cover on an absorbant surface eg sand
0.2m^2
How many m^2 would 0.5 litres of blood cover on a non-absorbant surface eg lino
0.4m^2
Blood loss for closed fracture on ankle
0.5-1.5l
Blood loss for closed fracture on elbow
0.5-1.5l
Blood loss for closed fracture on femur
1-1.5l
Blood loss for closed fracture on hip
1.5-2.5l
Blood loss for closed fracture on humerous
1-2l
Blood loss for closed fracture on knee
1-1.5l
Blood loss for closed fracture on pelvis
1.5-4.5l
Blood loss for closed fracture on tibia
0.5-1.5l
What is the blood loss in an open fracture compared to a closed fracture?
double blood loss of a closed fracture for the open fracture.
First stage of the clotting process
platelets attach to blood vessel wall (endothelium)
Second stage of the clotting process
platelets start to release fibrin and begin to seal the endothelium
Third stage of the clotting process
The fibrin network traps the RBC and completely seal endothelium.
