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Anatomy And Physiology For Paramedic Science > musculoskeletal pathophysiology > Flashcards

musculoskeletal pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

injuries are caused by…

A

transfer of energy

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2
Q

speed has a larger effect on energy than does…

A

mass

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3
Q

what % of people will display severe injuries despite having normal vital signs initially?

A

5-15%

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4
Q

generalised mechanisms require what survey?

A

rapid trauma

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5
Q

What survey for a focused mechanism?

A

focused examination

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6
Q

greenstick fracture

A

not completely broken

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7
Q

spiral fracture

A

twisted fracture

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8
Q

comminuted

A

crushed

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9
Q

transverse

A

straight brake

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10
Q

compound fracture

A

protruding bone

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11
Q

dislocation is

A

an abnormal separation of the joint surfaces

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12
Q

subluxation is

A

partial dislocation

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13
Q

soft tissue injuries are damage to…

A

muscle, ligaments, tendons

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14
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: D stands for

A

deformity

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15
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: C stands for

A

contusions

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16
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: A stands for

A

abrasions

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17
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: P stands for

A

penetration

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18
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: B stands for

A

burns

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19
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: T stands for

A

tenderness

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20
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: L stands for

A

lacerations

21
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: S stands for

A

swelling

22
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: I stands for

A

instability

23
Q

DCAP- BTLS- IC: C stands for

A

crepitus

24
Q

Over 65’s are more at risk for…

A

fractures

25
Q

Unstable fracture means what?

A

high risk of blood loss

26
Q

how many people sustain acute traumatic injuries to the spinal cord in the UK each year?

A

approximately 1000

27
Q

Major causes of spinal cord injuries are?

A

falls (41.7%), road traffic accidents (36.8%) and sporting (11.6%)

28
Q

Mechanisms of spinal injuries are…

A

Axial Stress, axial Loading, compression common between T12 and L2, distraction, combination Distraction/Rotation or Compression /Flexion, other MOI–Direct, Blunt, or Penetrating trauma–Electrocution

29
Q

4 types of column injury

A

Movement of vertebrae from normal position, subluxation or Dislocation, fractures, ruptured intervertebral discs

30
Q

What are the types of column injuries in fractures?

A

Spinous process and transverse process, pedicle and Laminae, vertebral body

31
Q

3 types of cord injury

A

Laceration; haemorrhage into cord tissue, swelling and disruption of impulses; haemorrhage.

32
Q

What is a primary cord injury

A

Damage is immediate and irreversible. Cord is cut, torn, crushed, or loses blood supply

33
Q

What is a secondary cord injury

A

Cord injury develops later from: Hypoxia, swelling, hypotension, compression from bleeding or swelling around the cord. Good patient care will limit secondary injury

34
Q

Name as many signs and symptoms of cord injuries as you can

A

Extremity paralysis, pain with & without movement, tenderness along spine, impaired breathing, spinal deformity, priapism, posturing, loss of bowel or bladder control, nerve impairment to extremities.

35
Q

How many m^2 would 0.5 litres of blood cover on an absorbant surface eg sand

A

0.2m^2

36
Q

How many m^2 would 0.5 litres of blood cover on a non-absorbant surface eg lino

A

0.4m^2

37
Q

Blood loss for closed fracture on ankle

A

0.5-1.5l

38
Q

Blood loss for closed fracture on elbow

A

0.5-1.5l

39
Q

Blood loss for closed fracture on femur

A

1-1.5l

40
Q

Blood loss for closed fracture on hip

A

1.5-2.5l

41
Q

Blood loss for closed fracture on humerous

A

1-2l

42
Q

Blood loss for closed fracture on knee

A

1-1.5l

43
Q

Blood loss for closed fracture on pelvis

A

1.5-4.5l

44
Q

Blood loss for closed fracture on tibia

A

0.5-1.5l

45
Q

What is the blood loss in an open fracture compared to a closed fracture?

A

double blood loss of a closed fracture for the open fracture.

46
Q

First stage of the clotting process

A

platelets attach to blood vessel wall (endothelium)

47
Q

Second stage of the clotting process

A

platelets start to release fibrin and begin to seal the endothelium

48
Q

Third stage of the clotting process

A

The fibrin network traps the RBC and completely seal endothelium.

Anatomy And Physiology For Paramedic Science (26 decks)

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