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Anatomy And Physiology For Paramedic Science > Cardiovascular system- The vessels > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system- The vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the five main types of blood vessel

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.

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2
Q

Are arterioles and venules smaller or bigger than arteries and veins?

A

Smaller

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3
Q

Name some arteries

A

radial, carotid, femoral, aorta, brachial.

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4
Q

Name some veins

A

jugular, vena cava, hepatic, popliteal, renal

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5
Q

Name the layers of a blood vessel

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa.

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6
Q

Is tunica intima made of smooth muscle?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Is the tunica media made of smooth muscle?

A

Yes and elastic fibres.

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8
Q

Is tunica externa made of smooth muscle?

A

No, its made of collagen.

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9
Q

Do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

oxygenated (except pulmonary artery)

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10
Q

Do arteries or veins have more elastic/smooth muscle?

A

arteries.

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11
Q

Do arteries or veins carry blood away from heart?

A

arteries.

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12
Q

Do arteries or veins have valves?

A

veins

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13
Q

do arteries or veins have larger lumens?

A

veins

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14
Q

Do arteries or veins have higher pressure?

A

arteries

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15
Q

Do big arteries have more elastic or smooth muscle?

A

elastic

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16
Q

What is anastomoses?

A

where arteries in a main area link.

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17
Q

What are end arteries

A

nothing beyond them so if blocked there is no blood supply distally.

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18
Q

2/3 of blood at any one time is held in…

A

The venous system.

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19
Q

What are the valves in some veins called?

A

semilunar valves.

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20
Q

do arteries or veins tend to spurt when cut?

A

arteries with the exception of varicose veins

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21
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

one cell thick- semi permeable membrane

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22
Q

Why do capillaries have a semi permeable membrane?

A

to allow for gaseous exchange

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23
Q

What is the lumen size of a capillary?

A

diameter of an erythrocyte (red blood cell)

24
Q

What do pre-capillary sphincters do?

A

direct blood flow

25
Q

When do capillaries have an increased blood flow?

A

during hypoxia or higher waste

26
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

smaller than capillaries with thinner walls and separate blood from neighbouring cells.

27
Q

What is the ideal capillary refill time?

A

2 seconds

28
Q

What gases are exchanged between alveoli and capillaries?

A

O2 and CO2. CO2 goes from red blood cells to alveoli and O2 goes from alveoli to red blood cells

29
Q

what is gas exchange also known as?

A

Internal respiration

30
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a lower concentration to a higher concentration of solute.

31
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

blood pressure pushing fluid from blood in to tissues

32
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

pulling fluid back into the blood stream.

33
Q

during blood supply to vessels thick walled vessels do what?

A

receive their own blood supply

34
Q

during blood supply thinner walled vessels and endothelium receive nutrients through what?

A

diffusion of blood flowing through them.

35
Q

What controls the diameter of a blood vessel?

A

exercise, illness/tissue damage, heat, blood volume, peripheral vascular resistance, excess waste products/hypoxia

36
Q

dilate vs constrict

A

open vs close

37
Q

vaso- dilate/constrict is in relation to…

A

the vessels

38
Q

will vessels dilate or constrict when blood volume is low?

A

constrict to increase blood pressure.

39
Q

Most blood vessels except capillaries are serves by nerves in the…

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

40
Q

nerves in the ANS are controlled by the…

A

vasomotor centre in the medulla oblongata.

41
Q

baroreceptors control vasodilation/constriction in…

A

large arteries.

42
Q

vasoconstriction/dilation in arterioles/arteries respond purely to…

A

nerve stimulation.

43
Q

decreased nervous stimulation causes…

A

relaxation- vasodilation

44
Q

increased nervous stimulation causes

A

contract- vasoconstriction

45
Q

vascular resistance is caused by what 3 factors?

A

diameter of vessel, length of vessel and blood viscosity

46
Q

peripheral vascular resistance and vascular resistance relies on…

A

vasodilation/constriction.

47
Q

blood pressure is…

A

the force of blood that exerts vessel walls

48
Q

Blood pressure equation

A

cardiac output x peripheral resistance

49
Q

systolic blood pressure is what?

A

when blood forced into aorta exerts pressure on arteries. 120mmHg

50
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

resting blood pressure during cardiac diastole. 80mmHg

51
Q

mmHg

A

millimetres of mercury (traditional way of measuring BP)

52
Q

short term control of BP is through

A

baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, higher centres brain.

53
Q

What are the 5 stages of blood pressure rising to homeostasis?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. baroreceptors in carotid arch and aortic arch are stimulated.
  3. impulses from baroreceptors stimulate cardioinhibitory centre and inhibit vasomotor centre.
  4. sympathetic impulses to heart cause HR drop, CO drop and contractility drop. Rate of vasomotor impulses causes vasodilation and lower resistance.
  5. CO and resistance drop returning blood pressure to normal.
54
Q

Where is a pulse felt?

A

In the arteries. (expansion and recoil next to a bone)

55
Q

Heart rate and pulse rate are normally…

A

the same

56
Q

What information can be gathered from a pulse?

A

brady/tachycardia, heart malfunctions, possible medications.

57
Q

What affects a pulse?

A

Age, injury, exercise, emotion, heart problems, temperature

Anatomy And Physiology For Paramedic Science (26 decks)

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