muscoskeletal system Flashcards
structure is nearer the vertex
superior
structure that is situated nearer the sole of the foot
inferior
related to the cranium and is a useful directional
term, meaning toward the head or cranium; head = reference
point
cranial
useful directional term that means toward the feet or
tail region, represented in humans by the coccyx (tail bone);
reference point = coccyx
causal
back surface of the body or nearer to the back; no
specific point of reference. Refers to the back surface.
posterior
front surface of the body; no specific point of
reference. Refers to the front surface.
anterior
structure is nearer to the median plane of the body;
point of reference: median plane
medial
structureisfartherawayfromthemedianplane;point
of reference: median plane
lateral
superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly
from the body. Eg. Penis, nose, feet
dorsum
nferior aspect or bottom of the foot, opposite the dorsum.
sole
surface of the hand and fingers corresponding to the palm; refer to specific areas like hands
palmar surface
surface of the foot and toes corresponding
to the sole; refer to specific areas like sole
plantar surface
position of structures
relative to the surface of the body.
superficial, intermediate and deep
contrasting positions nearer to or farther
from the attachment of a limb; point of reference: trunk
Proximal & Distal,
highest point of the body; the bony landmark of the
skull.
vertex
what are the functions of the bones?
support, protection, allows movements, blood cell formation, storage
occurs in the red marrow cavities of certain bones
hematopoiesis
is stored in the internal (marrow) cavities of bones. A yellow structure inside the madellar cavity
fat
_____________ are usually red, meaning it is active in producing different cell lines such as red and white blood cells. But as we age and grow older, these are replaced by _____.
marrows and fat
serves as the storehouse for minerals
bone
what are the minerals that are important for the bone?
calcium and phosphate
most of the body’s calcium are deposited in the bones as ___________
calcium salts
Generally cube-shaped
Made up mostly of spongy bone (middle) with an outer
layer of compact bone
short bones
special bones made or which form within
tendons, are a special type of short bone.
sesamoid bones
where are the sesamoid bones usually found?
patella
examples of short bones?
wrist and ankles, sesamoid bones, talus
Dense and looks smooth and homogenous
compact bones
Spongy bone has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge
spongy bones
they are the macrophages of the bones
osteoclasts
macrophages if they are in the lungs
alveolar
macrophages of the brain
microbial cells
macrophages of the liver?
copper cells
Produce acid and protein-digesting enzymes used in bone reabsorption
osteoclasts
Tiny Cavities in the bone matrix containing the osteocytes
lacuna
Typically longer than they are wide
Asarule,theyhaveashaftwithenlargedcells
long bones 1
Mature bone cell
osteocytes
Mature bone cells found in tiny cavities called
lacunae
they are the bone-building cells and immature bone cells
osteoblasts
calcium and phosphate are combined to form the _________, which forms the bone matrix
hydroxyapatite
the formation of the bone matrix
ossification
are lacunae that are arranged in concentric circles
lamellae
they are tiny canals radiating outwards from the central canal
canaliculi
Transportation system that connects bone cells for nutrient supply and waste removal
canaliculi
Same as canaliculi but run in the opposite direction—
Periosteum towards the central canal which contains blood vessels.
perforating canals (volkmann’s canals)
brings waste from the periosteum or from the bone
towards the veins and back to the heart.
perforating canals
Structural and Functional unit of the bone
Complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings with
blood vessels, nerve, and bone matrix.
osteon
what are the 2 types of bone formation?
intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
Expansionofcentersofossificationonmembraneslaterally
or from the centers, resulting oldest bones in the center of the membrane.
intramembranous ossification
at what blueprint is being used during the making of endochondral ossification?
blueprint of a hyaline cartilage model
endochondral type of ossification.
Bone growth
occurs when there are patient’s habitus, gains weight, lack of calcium, the bone will grow crosswise or increasing in the width in bearing weight just to compensate. Other patients will have bone fractures. Remodeling will have a role in preserving fragments or debris from factors.
bone remodelling
Diseases of children in which bones fails to calcify
rickets
Bonebreakscleanlybutdoesnotpenetratetheskin
Injurystaysinside.Notexposedtotheoutside,hence,less
chances of getting pathogens to come contact with injury
and less blood loss.
Closed (simple) fractures
Broken bone ends to penetrate through the skin
Blood loss is more severe and more chances of getting
infected.
Simple (Compound) fractures
2 major bone groups
Axial and appendicular
