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ANAPHY > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

The multiple activities of the cells, tissues, and organs of the body are coordinated by the inter-play of several types of chemical messenger systems.

A

COORDINATION OF BODY FUNCTIONS BY CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

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2
Q

These are released by axon terminals of
neurons into the synaptic junctions and act locally to control nerve cell functions

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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3
Q

These are released by the glands or the
specialized cells into the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells into another location in the body.

A

ENDOCRINE HORMONES

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4
Q

These are secreted by neurons into the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells to another
location of the body.

A

NEUROENDOCRINE HORMONES

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5
Q

Are secreted by the cells to the extra-
cellular fluid and affect neighboring target cells at a different type

A

PARACRINES

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6
Q

Are secreted by cells into the extra-
cellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produce them

A

AUTOCRINES

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7
Q

These are peptides secreted by cells to
the extra-cellular fluid and can function as autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine hormones

A

cytokines

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8
Q

are secreted by helper cells and act on other cells in the immune system and they are under the cytokines

A

cytokines

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9
Q

are chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine cells into the extra-cellular fluids and regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body.

A

Hormones

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10
Q

It affects target organs found throughout the body

A

Hormones

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11
Q

these are hormones that are secreted by anterior and posterior pituitary gland. Th pancreas and parathyroid gland.

A

PROTEINS AND POLYPEPTIDES

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12
Q

the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex and the ovaries, testes, and placenta

A

STEROID

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13
Q

what organ produces proteins and polypeptides?

A

pancreas and parathyroid glands

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14
Q

what organ produces steroids?

A

Adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes and placenta

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15
Q

Secreted by the thyroid and adrenal medulla

A

Derivatives of tyrosine

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16
Q

what do you call polypeptides with 100 or more amino acids?

A

proteins

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17
Q

fewer amino acids are referred to as?

A

Peptides

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18
Q

are hormones that synthesizes on the rough end of the endoplasmic reticulum in the same fashion as other proteins

A

Protein and peptide hormones

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19
Q

an organelle that is stored within the cytoplasm and many our bound into the cell membrane until their secretion is needed

A

Vesicles

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20
Q

what hormones are increased when calcium ions are also increased?

A

cyclicAMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

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21
Q

a hormone that is usually synthesized from cholesterol and are not stored

A

steroid hormones

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22
Q

what chemical structure of steroid hormones are similar to?

A

Cholesterol

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23
Q

what hormones are lipid soluble that consist of three cyclohexyl rings and cyto pentyl rings?

A

Steroid hormones

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24
Q

describe the appearance of steroid hormones

A

chemical structure is same like the cholesterol and it has three cyclohexyl rings and cyto pentyl rings that are combined into a single structure

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25
Q

where are much of the cholesterol producing cells come from?

A

Plasma

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26
Q

are hormones derived from tyrosine

A

Amine

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27
Q

what are the two glands that produces the 2 groups of hormones derived from tyrosine?

A

Thyroid gland and adrenal medullary hormone

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28
Q

the two groups of hormones from the thyroid gland and adrenal medullary hormones are formed by the __________ and _________ of the _______ cells

A

enzymes and cytoplasmic compartments, glandular cells

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29
Q

is one of the characteristics of endocrine glands.

A

Feedback

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30
Q

prevents overactivity of hormone systems. After a stimulus causes a release of hormone conditions of products resulting from the action of hormone tends to suppress its further release.

A

negative feedback

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31
Q

it occurs when a biological action of the hormone causes additional secretion of the hormone

A

positive feedback

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32
Q

a variation that occurs in hormone release

A

Cyclical variations

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33
Q

a variation of hormone that are influenced by seasonal changes, various stages of development and aging or the daily cycle and sleep.

A

Periodic variations

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34
Q

What variation is the secretion of growth hormones?

A

Periodic variations

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35
Q

secretion of growth hormones occurs during?

A

sleeping time

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36
Q

are hormones that are dissolved in the plasma and transported from their sites of synthesis to target cells/tissues?

A

Water-soluble hormones

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37
Q

Circulate in the blood while being mainly bound to plasma proteins

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

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38
Q

how many percent of steroid or thyroid hormones exist freely in the plasma?

A

less than 10% of the solution

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39
Q

cannot easily diffuse across the capillaries and gain access to their target cells and are therefore biologically inactive until they dissociate from plasma proteins

A

protein-bound hormones

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40
Q

what are the ways that hormones are cleared from the plasma?

A

➢ Metabolic destruction by the tissues
➢ Binding with the tissues
➢ Excretion by the liver into the bile
➢ Excretion by the kidneys into the urine

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41
Q

what membrane are specific mostly for the protein, peptide, and catecholamine
hormone

A

membrane receptors

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42
Q

membrane receptors are specific mostly for the ________ , ________ and ___________

A

protein, peptide and catecholamine hormone

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43
Q

they are the primary receptors for the different steroid hormones?

A

Cytoplasm

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44
Q

primary receptors for the different steroid hormones

A

cytoplasm

45
Q

The receptors for thyroid hormones

A

nucleus

46
Q

what hormones uses the mechanism of direct gene activation?

A

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

47
Q

why are the steroid hormones and thyroid hormones are able to diffuse to the plasma membrane at their target cells?

A

because they are lipid soluble molecules

48
Q

The most common stimulus, in which endocrine gland organs are prodded into action by other hormones

A

Hormonal stimulus

49
Q

is the changing of blood levels of certain ions and neutrons

A

HUMURAL STIMULUS

50
Q

humeral stimulus is also known as

A

humurol stimuli

51
Q

are nerve fibers stimulate hormone release and the target cells respond to the neural stimuli

A

neural stimuli

52
Q

what nervous system is an example of the neural stimuli?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

53
Q

what organ stimulates the body during stress? and what organ is it?

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine, adrenal medulla

54
Q

what approx. size is the pituitary gland?

A

Size of a pea

55
Q

Where is the pituitary located?

A

Located at the hypothalamus of the brain where it hangs from the stock of the inferior surface

56
Q

the pituitary gland is surrounded by what bones?

A

sella turcica and sphenoid bone

57
Q

what are the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

58
Q

other term of the anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis (pars distalis)

59
Q

other term of posterior pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis (pars nervosa)

60
Q

also known as the master gland? Why is it called the master gland?

A

Pituitary gland as it affects thyroid, adrenal cortex, ovary, mammary gland and pancreas

61
Q

what are the 5 thyroid cell types?

A
  • Somatotropes – hGH: Secretes
    human growth Hormone
  • Corticotropes – ACTH: Secretes
    Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • Thyrotropes – TSH: Secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  • Gonadotropes – LH, FSH:
    Stimulates Luteinizing Hormone
    and Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Lactotropes – PRL: Secretes
    prolactin
62
Q

what are the metabolic effects of the growth hormones?

A

Promotes protein deposition
Enhances Fat Utilization
Decreases carbohydrate utilization

63
Q

in what time of the day and night do growth hormones stimulate?

A

during the day and midnight, it also stimulates during strenuous exercises

64
Q

whats the pattern of growth hormones when it is secreted?

A

Cyclical pattern

65
Q

Decreased blood glucose. under what growth hormone effects is it? Stimulate or Inhibit?

A

stimulate growth hormone

66
Q

aging. under what growth hormone effects is it? Stimulate or Inhibit?

A

inhibit growth hormones

67
Q

obesity. under what growth hormone effects is it? Stimulate or Inhibit?

A

Inhibit growth hormone

68
Q

starvation. under what growth hormone effects is it? Stimulate or Inhibit?

A

stimulate growth hormone

69
Q

protein defiency. under what growth hormone effects is it? Stimulate or Inhibit?

A

Stimulating growth hormone

70
Q

increased blood free fatty acids. under what growth hormone effects is it? Stimulate or Inhibit?

A

inhibit growth hormone secretion

71
Q

is the decrease secretion of all the anterior pituitary hormones.

A

Panhypopituitarism

72
Q

is the decrease function and production of glucocorticoids adrenal glands

A

Hypothyroidism

73
Q

the decrease secretion of ________________ so that sexual functions are lost

A

gonadotropic hormones

74
Q

results from generalized deficiency of anterior pituitary secretion or an effect of panhypopituitarism during childhood.

A

dwarfism

75
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland or neurohypophysis composed of?

A

Pituicytes (glial cells)

76
Q

what does the pituicytes do?

A

supporting structure of the large numbers of terminal nerve fibers and terminal nerve endings from nerve tracks

77
Q

from the pituicytes where does the terminal nerve endings and terminal nerve fibers originating from?

A

Supraoptic nucleus and paraventicular nucleus of the hypothalamus

78
Q

what does the nerve endings that forms like a bovious knobs contains?

A

Secretory granules

79
Q

what are the two posterior pituitary hormones namely?

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

80
Q

other term of vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone

81
Q

located immediately before the larynx and n each side of the anterior to the trachea

A

thyroid gland

82
Q

what are the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

A

thyroxin
triiodothyronine

83
Q

it is one of the largest endocrine glands and weighs around __________

A

thyroid gland, 15-20 grams

84
Q

what percentage do you consider when it is a lack of thyroid?

A

40-50% below normal

85
Q

at what percent do you consider the thyroid to be excess?

A

60-100% above normal

86
Q

what does the thyroid gland secretes?

A

Calcitonin

87
Q

what are the two types of follicles that are found in the thyroid gland?

A

Follicles and parafollicular cells

88
Q

what does the parafollicular cells secretes?

A

calcitonin

89
Q

are colloid filled follicles surround by cuboidal follicular cells

A

follicles

90
Q

how do you oxidizing the iodine?

A

through the use of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase

91
Q

1st step in making thyroid hormones

A

oxidation of the iodine

92
Q

2nd step of the thyroid production

A

organification of the thyroglobulin

93
Q

after the formation of the thyroid hormones where are they stored? and how many months are the thyroid good for?

A

in the follicles, 2-3 months

94
Q

also known as the t4

A

thyroxin

95
Q

also known as the T3

A

triiodithyronine

96
Q

increased or enlargement of the thyroid gland. Whatever the causes: graves’ disease, tumor, adenomas, carcinomas

A

goiter

97
Q

most common form of hyperthyroidism, an autoimmnue disease which antibodies of the thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins form against the TSH receptors

A

grave’s disease

98
Q

is the protrusion of the eyeballs

A

exolphthalmus

99
Q

almost total lack of thyroid hormone. what are its symptoms?

A

myxedema , bagginess of the eyes and swelling of the face

100
Q

extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life. Failure of body growth and by mental retadation it results from congenital lack of thyroid gland

A

cretinism

101
Q

how many are the parathyroid glands? and where are they located?

A

4 parathyroid glands, upper portion of the parathyroid gland one of each behind the upper and of each lower poles of the thyroid

102
Q

is the complete removal of the parathyroid gland

A

thyroidectomy

103
Q

what are the parathyroid gland cells made of?

A

chief cells and oxyphil cells

104
Q

are cells that are not present in babies and animals?

A

oxyphil cells

105
Q

believed to secrete most if not all of the parathyroid hormone(parahormone)

A

chief cells

106
Q

oxyphil cells

A

modified or defeated chief cells that no longer secretes hormone

107
Q

what hormone stimulate bone resorption causing the release of calcium into the extra cellular fluidat

A

parathyroid hormones

108
Q

what hormone also increases reabsorption of calcium and decreases reabsorption of phosphate by the renal tubules leading to decreased excretion of calcium and increase excretion of phosphate

A

parathyroid hormone

109
Q

how many adrenal glands does a human body have?
and where are they located?

A

2 right and left

ANAPHY (37 decks)

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