ABO BLOOD GROUP Flashcards
Most important of all blood groups in both transfusion and transplant medicine.
ABO System
The only blood group system in which individuals already have antibodies in their serum to antigens that are absent from their red blood cells
ABO system
these are substances that are recognized by the body as something foreign which can cause an immune response
Antigens
Antigens cause an immune respons to?
Bacteria, viruses or anything that the body will recognize as foreign
where are antigens found?
usually found on the membrane of the red blood cell
where are antigens found?
usually found on the membrane of the red blood cell
are substances produced by the body in response to the antigen or the foreign substance that was detected by the body.
Antibodies
how are antibodies developed?
when we are exposed to antigens
Occurs without any prior exposure to red blood cells through blood transfusion or pregnancy
Antibodies
how does an antibody occur naturally?
Through blood transfusion or pregnancy
what happens when antibodies aren’t compatible?
may result in immediate lysis of donor red blood cells
meaning the wrong blood type was
transfused to the patient.
incompatible
lysis is also another term for?
destruction of red blood cells
Why will there be lysis or destruction of red blood cells? (state the three reasons)
o Because of the antibodies present in the patient or recipient.
o As mentioned, antigens present from the cell of the donor will be recognized as foreign to the patient.
o Antibodies of patients will attack the red blood cells of the donor transfused because of the incompatibility.
Transfusion of the wrong ABO blood group remains the leading cause of death in _____________.
hemolytic transfusion reaction fatalities
he discovered the ABO Blood group system in the 1900s
Karl Landsteiner
what did Karl Landsteiner discovered and when was it discovered?
ABO Blood group system during 1900s
He classified an individual’s erythrocytes into 4 types: Blood Types A, B, AB, and O
Karl Landsteiner
How did Karl Landsteiner classified the erythrocytes?
Blood Types A, B, AB and O
His classification marked the beginning of the
concept of individual uniqueness defined by the RBC antigens present on the RBC membrane
Karl Landsteiner
Karl Landsteiner marked the beginning of the
concept of individual ______ defined by the _________ present on the RBC membrane
uniqueness, RBC antigens
_________ are found on the membrane of red blood cells.
RBC Antigen
_________ are found on the membrane of red blood cells.
RBC Antigen
is present on the red blood cell membrane. What is it specifically what antigen?
Agglutinogen
where is agglutinogen present ?
present on the red blood cell membrane
it is under landsteiner’s law where it is absent in the plasma. What is it?
Aggluntinin
where is agglutinin absent and present?
absent in the plasma if agglutinogen is present, while it is present if agglutinogen is absent
what did landsteiner’s law stated?
If an agglutinogen (antigen) is present on the red blood cell membrane, the corresponding agglutinin (antibody) must be absent in the plasma
Ifan agglutinogen isabsent on the red blood cell membrane, the corresponding agglutinin must be present in the plasma or serum
what happens when antigen and antibody interacts?
Result into agglutination or clumping of the RBCs
it is the other term for antigen, other term for antibody
agglutinogen, agglutinin
are named for the antigens present or absent on the surface of the red blood cells
Blood groups
_________ of antigens depends on an individual’s ______.
Presence or absence, DNA
express different types of enzymes.
DNA
known as transferases, catalyze a series of
reactions in which they transfer sugar units
Enzymes
an enzyme is known as?
Transferases
are responsible for the type of antigen expressed
on the RBCs
Enzymes
meaning it will hasten or speed up the reaction
Catalyze
meaning of NAGA?
N-Acetylgalactosamine
It has about 2 million blood group antigens on its cell
membrane
Single RBC
what do all blood type individuals express that is found on the red blood cell?
Express a precursor oligosaccharide on the red blood cell
meaning of p.o
precursor oligosaccharide
all humans also express _________ that transfers and attaches fucose to the p.o.
transferase enzyme
what is produced after the binding of fucose to the p.o?
formation of the H-antigen
how is formation of the H-antigen formed?
by the binding of the p.o and fucose
__________ depends on the DNA of the individual then this DNA expresses diff. enzymes wherein their function is to transfer sugar units.
presence or absence of the antigen
a type of blood where it express a certain transferase enzyme which attaches an N-acetylgalactosamine to the H Antigen
Blood type A
what is the sugar unit of the Blood type A
Acetylgalactosamine
With the attachment of _________ the carbohydrate chain now becomes _______ . Hence, a blood type A
individual therefore has the _________.
Acetylgalactosamine, antigen A, A antigen
in formation of blood type A what is needed first? Where will it attached to? What will form after the attachment? After the creation of the H antigen, what will be needed again to create an A antigen?
presence of the precursor oligosaccharide, a focuse will be attached to it through a certain transferase enzymes. Forming the H antigen. H antigen will then N-acetylgalactosamine which forms the A antigen
An antigen is present in an individual the person that is considered Blood Type A.
A antigen
a type of Blood H antigen, which is made up of the precursor oligosaccharide and fucose. it is then attached to a sugar group called D-Galactose
Blood type B
what is the sugar unit of blood type A to the H antigen?
Acetygalactosamine
What is the sugar unit of blood type B to the H antigen?
D-Galactose
how is antigen B formed?
Precursor oligosaccharaide and fucose forms H antigen, H antigen will then bond with D- galactose due to a different enzyme. With the attachment of the D-galactose Antigen B is formed
a type of blood where Both enzymes that transfers N-acetylgalactosamine and the other that transfers galactose are expressed.
Blood type AB
the RBC of Blood type AB expresses?
Both A and B antigen
A type of blood where it only has H antigens on the RBC?
Blood type O
Blood type O, A, B, AB differences?
O has only H antigens and does not have N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose to the H Antigen
A has an A antigen, its H antigen has a sugar molecule of Acetylgalactosamine
B has a B Antigen, its H antigen has a sugar molecule of D-Galactose
Blood type AB both A and B antigens and its H antigen has a sugar molecule of N-Acetylegalactosamine and galactose
a type of blood where it Do not have enzyme that transfers n-acetylgalactosamine and galactose to the H antigen
Blood type O
a type of blood where neither A or B antigens are expressed by the RBCs in blood group O individuals.
Blood type O
what absence is seen in the blood type O?
Absence of both A and B antigen
what is Developed early in fetal life?
ABO Blood Group Antigen
What is Developed in the utero (uterus womb of the mother) at 5 to 6 weeks of gestation during pregnancy
ABO Blood Group Antigens
where is the ABO Blood group antigen being developed? at how many weeks?
Developed in the Utero (uterus womb of the mother) at 5-6 weeks gestational period
when are antigens detectable at this time of pregnanacy?
5-6 weeks of gestation during pregnancy
at what age is the expression of A and B antigens on the RBCs fully developed?
2-4 years of age
the formation of ABH antigens results from the interaction of genes at three separate loci which are?
ABO, H, Se
What does not code for the production of antigens?
gene
What do genes produce that add sugars to basic precursor substance?
specific glycosyltransferases
The sugars that are added to basic precursor substance rae referred as?
n-acetylgalactosamine, galactose
What is precursor oligosaccharide ?
is a paragloboside or glycan is the same basic precursor material from which A, B, and H antigens all originate
it is the precursor structure on which A and B antigens are made and acts as the acceptor molecule for the two sugars that make
the A and B antigens?
H antigen
The H antigen is a building block for which antigens
A and B
It is not part of the ABO system and their inheritance influences the expression of the A and B antigens?
H and Se genes
It must be inherited to form ABO antigens on the RBCs?
H gene
It must be inherited to form ABO antigens in secretions?
Se gene
Blood group O inherits at least how many H genes and O genes?
1- H gene
2- O gene
The H gene elicits the production of an enzyme called?
𝘢-2- Lfucosyltransferase
It transfers the sugar L-fucose to an
oligosaccharide chain?
𝘢-2- Lfucosyltransferase
It is the sugar responsible for H specificity?
L-fucose
What sugars are responsible for H, A, and B Antigen Specificities?
Glycosyltransferases and Immunodominant sugars
They are integral parts of the membranes of RBCs, endothelial cells, platelets, lymphocytes, epithelial cells?
ABH antigens
These are antigens that can also be found in all body secretions?
ABH-soluble antigens
It is present or found in the serum or plasma of the person and is formed when our immune system is exposed to non-selfantigens?
ABO Antibodies
______, similar to ABO blood type antigens, like antigen A AND antigen B, are found in nature.
Antigen
Antigens are Expressed by __________ such as those found in the human intestines and in many food stuffs.
common microorganisms
____________ of this individual express the A antigen on its cell membrane.
BLood type A
Since antigen A is already present and is recognized by the body as the ________, the similar A antigen on the microbial surface will also be recognized as ______.
self-antiagent, SELF
These microbes also have antigen B and remember that type A individuals _______ Antigen B so that makes the antigen B absent or missing on the _______.
do not express, red blood cell
This microbial antigen B will be recognized as ________.
non-self
What antibodies are produced by the
bacterial antigen B?
Anti-B antibodies
In an individual with a blood type A, anti B antibodies are found in their ______.
serum
Individuals normally produce antibodies directed against the A or B antigen ______ from their RBCs
absent
These antibodies are produced without any exposure to RBCs which is why they are described as?
naturally occurring
_______ production is initiated at birth, but titers are generally _______ for detection until infants are _____ months old
ABO production, too low, 3 to 6
Antibody production peaks at what ages in life?
5 and 10 years