ANAPHY CHAPTER 1 (1.1-1.4) Flashcards
Is the coordinated function of all the parts of the human body
Stimuli
It is the responds to changes in the environment
Stimuli
It is the investigation of the structure of the body
Anatomy
What is the meaning of anatomy?
to cut apart and separate
- Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function
Anatomy
What are the two basic approaches of anatomy?
Systemic anatomy and Regional anatomy
Is the study of the body by systems
it is the approach taken in this and most introductory books
Systemic anatomy
Is the study of the body by organizations or by region of the body
Regional Anatomy
What approach of anatomy is taken mostly by medical and dental schools
Regional anatomy
What are the two ways of examining the internal structure of a living person?
Surface anatomy and Anatomical Imaging
Is the study of the external features of the body
Surface Anatomy
What is the meaning of surface anatomy
it is one of the general ways of examining the internal structures of a living person as it studies the external features of the body
What part of the body serves as landmarks for locating deeper structures of the tissue?
Bony projections
Where does “Bony projections” belong to in terms of the general way of examining the internal structure of a living person?
Surface anatomy
It is the involvement in using x-rays, ultrasounds, magnetic resonance imagine (MRI) and others to create pictures of internal structures
Anatomical imaging
What is anatomical imaging?
Is the involvement of using x-rays, MRI and other technology in creating pictures of internal structures.
It is the study of process or function of living things
Physiology
What are the goals in studying Physiology?
-to understand and predict the body’s response to stimuli
-To understand how the body maintains internal conditions with a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing interna and external environments
is the study of a specific organism, the human
Human Physiology
Are subdivisions that Emphasizes the specific organization levels
Cellular physiology and systemic physiology
What are the six structural levels of organizations?
Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organisms
Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine to form molecules
Chemical Level
Are rope like fibers that gives the skin structural strength and flexibility
Collagen molecules
Are the basic structural and functional units of organisms
Cells
If combined it forms organelles
Molecules
Are the small structures that make up some cells
Organelles
Are groups of similar cells
Tissue
What are the four primary tissue types?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscles
Nervous
Composed of two or more tissue types?
Organs
What are the major organs of the body?
Brain
Lungs
Heart
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Large intestine
Urinary bladder
Spinal Cord
Spleen
Stomach
Kidney
Small intestine
Is a group of organs classified as a unit
Organ system
The coordinated activity of the ________ is necessary for a normal function
Organ system
is the external covering of the body, consists of hair, skin, fingernails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
What does the integumentary system consists of?
Hair, skin, fingernails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
waterproofs the body, cushions it and protects deeper tissues
Integumentary system
It produces vitamin D
Integumentary system
What does the integumentary produces?
Vitamin D
Excretes salt and regulates body temperature
Integumentary system
__________ are located in the skin for alerting purposes
Sensory Receptors
Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments and joints
Skeletal system
What are the parts of the skeletal system?
Skull
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Vertebral column
Radius
Ulna
Pelvis
Femur
Tibia Fibula
It supports the body and provides framework and protection
Skeletal system
________ are the sources where blood cells are formed?
Cavities
Stores mineral and adipose tissue
Skeletal system
its function is contract or shorten
Muscular system
are large fleshy muscles attached to the bones
Skeletal muscles
Forms the muscular system
Skeletal muscles
Body’s fast acting control system
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Detects sensation and controls movements, physiological processes and intellectural functions
NERVOUS SYSTEM
What does the nervous system consists of?
brain, spinal cord, nerve and cauda equina
Ables to detect changes in the body namely, temp., pressure or light and send messages
Sensory receptors
What is the process of the sensory receptors
Send messages, nerve impulses, goes to the brain and spinal cord and activates the body effectors
Acts slowly as it produces hormones that travels in the blood to perform and target specific organs
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Is a system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
What are the organs included in the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testes
They aren’t connected anatomically but has common purpose, which is to secrete hormones
Endocrine system
What type of system, transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body
Cardiovascular system
Has a role in the immune response and regulation of the body temperature
Cardiovascular system
What are the primary organs of the cardiovascular system?
Heart and blood vessels
Carries oxygen nutrients; hormones and other substances to and picks up carbon dioxide
Blood
What cell Protects the body from foreign invaders
White blood cells
What are the organs of the cardiovascular system?
Carotid Artery
Superior vena cava
jugular vein
pulmonary trunk
heart
brachial artery
aorta
inferior vena cava
femoral artery and vein
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
Lymphatic system
Complements that of the cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
What does the lymphatic vessel do when blood is leaked to the tissue?
Returns it to the bloodstream
Helps to cleans the blood and house white blood cells for immunity
Lymphatic system
Regulates blood pH
Respiratory system
keeps the body supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
respiratory system
organs of the respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea, Bronchi, lungs
Gases are exchange in the blood through thin wall air sacs
Respiratory system
A tube from the mouth to the anus
Digestive system
What are the parts of the digestive system?
Pharynx
Oral cavity
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestines
large intestines
Rectum
Gallbladder
Appendix
Liver
Pancreas
Anus
Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to the body
Digestive system
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Its main function is to reabsorb water
Digestive system
Produces bile
Liver
whatorganAids the digestion and breaking down of food
liver-bile
Delivers digestive enzymes
Pancreas
Has an endocrine and digestive functions
Pancreas
Removes nitrogen- containing wastes from the blood which secretes out as urine
URINARY SYSTEM`
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, Ion balance and water balance
URINARY SYSTEM
What are the organs of the urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Maintains the electrolytes and regulate normal body temp.
URINARY SYSTEM
Produces Oocyte and is the site of fertilization and fetal development
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Produces hormones, milk and sexual function and behaviors
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
is an immature ovum or immature egg
Oocyte
What are the organs part of the female reproductive system?
Mammary gland, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina
Produces sperm and hormones that influences sexual functions and behaviors
Male Reproductive System
Organs of the Male Reproductive system
Seminal Vesicle, prostate gland, testis, penis, epididymis, ductus deferens
what level does this description belong?
“is any living thing considered as a whole”
Organismal Level
Is a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another
Human organism
What are the six essential characteristics of life?
Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction
Refers to the specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism.
Organization
Disruption of this organized state can result in loss of function and death
Organization
The ability to use energy to perform vital functions
Metabolism
It exhibits growth, movement and reproduction.
Metabolism
is the ability to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments to maintain its life.
Responsiveness
Refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
Growth
Bones grow when the number of bone cells increases and the bone cells become surrounded by ______.
Bone matrix
it is the changes of an organism that undergoes through time.
Development
What is the difference between differentiation and development?
Development is the change of an organism that undergoes through time, while differentiation is a change in cell from generalized to specialized.
is change in cell structure function from generalized to specialized
Differentiation
Formation of new cells or new organisms
Reproduction
what is the meaning of “homeo”
the same
What is the meaning of “stasis”
To stop
Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite the changes in the external and internal environment or Variables
homeostasis
Conditions such as temperatures, volume and chemical content can change overtime, which is why they are called ______
Variables
Are governed by the nervous system or the endocrine system which helps maintain the body to set an average normal value
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
Governed by the nervous and endocrine system
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
is the near average normal value
Set point
is the increasing and decreasing of body temperature slightly around the set point and it will be able to produce a __________
Normal Range
What is the average body temperature?
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees celcius
It is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
It is important as it allows molecules and enzymes to function optimally
Normal body temperature
What are three components of a negative feedback?
Receptors, control centers, effectors
Monitors the value of a variable
Receptor
Part of the brain that determines the set point?
Control center
It receives input from the receptor about the variable
control center
ales to change the value of the variable
Effector
it is directly connected by the control center
effector
is a changed variable as it initiates a homeostatic mechanism
stimulus
is the initial stimulus that stimulates the response
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Positive means?
the deviation from set points becomes even greater
Brings the body away from the set point?
Positive feedback
It is the study of disordered physiological processes that result from disease or injury.
Pathophysiology
It is the study of how the body and its parts work together in order to perform a certain function.
Physiology
what are the 3 main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis and subcutis (hypodermis)
how many bones do we have at birth?
270
how many bones do we have during adulthood?
206 bones
the bone mass in the skeleton reaches its maximum desnity at the age of _____
21 years old
what are the 4 main fibrous and mineralized connective tissue?
Bones, tendons, joints, and ligaments
rigid tissue that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrae
Bones
fibrous connective tissue which attaches the muscle to a bone
Tendons
these are areas where 2 bones meet (e.g. elbow, knee, ankle) it is mobile meaning it can move.
Joints
bands of tough elastic tissue around the joints
Ligaments
2 major parts of the skeletal system?
Axial and appendicular skeleton
what do you call this group of bones from the skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
Axial skeleton
what do you call the bones that make up the upper and lower extremeties
Appendicular skeleton
the __________ system is controlled by the nervous system
Muscular
what are the 3 types of muscular tissue?
skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
what are the two main parts of the nervous parts?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
what part of the nervous system does the brain and spinal cord belong?
Central Nervous System
it consists mainly of nerves
Peripheral nervous system
it regulates the involuntary physiological processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestion
Autonomic nervous system
it rest and digest, what nervous system is this?
Parasympathetic nervous system
it is the fight or flight response of the nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system
It controls gastrointestinal behavior/involves digestion
Enteric nervous system
a type of nervous system which is associated with the voluntary controls of our body’s movements. it coordinates with the skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
what do you call the special cell in the nervous system at a cellular level called?
“neuron” or “Nerve cell”
3 types of neurons
Sensory, relay and motor neurons
it is the neural control center for the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
This is a transport system that carries blood containing O2, CO2, nutrients, waste ions,
hormones, and other substances throughout the body
Circulatory system
Its functions are:
A. Delivers O2 and nutrients to cells
B. Removes CO2
C. Removes waste products of metabolism to the excretory organs for disposal
D. Protect the body against diseases and infection
Circulatory system
Other term for circulatory system?
Cardiovascular system
2 components of the circulatory system?
Pulmonary and systemic circulation
moves blood between the heart and the lungs. And this circulation transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Pulmonary circulation
moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It transports oxygenated blood to the cells and returns the oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Systemic circulation
Transport of excess interstitial fluid
back into the bloodstream
Lymphatic system
Cleanses blood of pathogens and other
debris
Lymphatic system
Provides immunological defenses against
disease causing agent
Lymphatic System
This system houses the lymphocytes which
acts via the immune response to protect the body
Lymphatic system
LYMPH circulates throughout our body which is similar to blood so our bodies contain or have about ______ lymph nodes and these nodes swell in response to infection due to a build-up of lymph fluid bacteria.
600
This system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all our tissues to allow for the movement of a fluid called the _______
Lymph
they are usually swollen glands that can be felt easily under the jaw or the armpits, or in the groin area.
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes can also become infected in a condition known as ______
lymphadenitis
what are the 2 respiratory tract?
Upper and Lower Respiratory tract
where does the Nose/ nostrils belong in the respiratory tract?
Upper respiratory tract
where does the trachea belong in the respiratory tract?
Lower respiratory tract
where does the nasal cavity belong in the respiratory tract?
Upper respiratory tract
where does the mouth belong in the respiratory tract?
Upper respiratory tract
where does the pharynx belong in the respiratory tract?
upper respiratory tract
where does the larynx belong in the respiratory tract?
upper respiratory tract
where does the bronchi belong in the respiratory tract?
Lower respiratory
where does the bronchioles belong in the respiratory tract?
Lower respiratory tract
where does the alveoli/small air sacs belong in the respiratory tract?
Lower respiratory tract
wate that comes out form our body
Feses
it is the exit of waste through the anus
Defecation
what are the 6 processes involved in digestion
Ingestion
propulsion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
Absorption of nutrients
defecation
what is the other term of the urinary system?
excretory system or renal system
Functions are:
A. Eliminates waste from the body
B. Regulate blood volume and blood pressure
C. Control levels of electrolytes
Urinary system
is functional unit of the urinary system
Nephron
The waste of the body is expelled through _______
Urination
3 Processes of Urine Formation
A. Glomerular Filtration
B. Tubular Reabsorption
C. Tubular Secretion
In each kidney it contains over a million of nephrons and in each nephron, there is what we call a ___
glomerulus
_______ it is a fluid that passes through the membrane
Filtrate
Once waste have been filtered it will be moved in to the _______
Urinary bladder,
urine composition?
5% Water, 0.2% Creatinine, Ammonia or Uric Acid, 2.8% of dissolved salts and other ions, and 2% of urea.
This system consists of the organs involved in producing offspring
Reproductive system
what organs performs this function?
A. To produce egg and sperm cells
B. To transport and sustain these cells
C. To nurture and protect the developing offspring
D. To produce hormones
Reproductive system
An accepted set of reference terms that are universally understood and it allows body structures to be located and identified precisely with a minimum number of words.
Language of anatomy
The body is erect with feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides facing forward.
Anatomical position
what directional term is defined as the “toward the head”?
Superior (Cranial)
Other term of superior?
Cranial
what directional term is defined as the “Toward the bottom (tail)”?
Inferior (caudal)
other term of inferior?
Caudal
Toward the front
Anterior
Other term of anterior
Ventral
toward the back
Posterior
Other term of posterior
Dorsal
towards the midline of the body
Medial
Towards the side of the body
Lateral
it is away from the surface of the body
internal
it is away from the surface of the body
Internal (deep)
Towards the surface of the body
External (superficial)
Other term of internal?
Deep
Other term of external?
Superficial
Towards the main mass of the body
Proximal
Away from the mainmass of the body
Distal
It is related to internal organs?
Visceral
Related to the body walls
Parietal
what are the 3 planes of the body?
sagittal, coronal (frontal) and Horizontal (transverse) planes
it divides the body to the left
and right portion
Sagittal plane
it divides the body
from the anterior and posterior portions
Coronal (Frontal) plane
it divides the
body into the superior and inferior portions
Horizontal (Transverse) plane
what are the two cavities of the body?
Dorsal and ventral body cavity
What are the dorsal body cavity made of?
Spinal cavity and cranial cavity
What does the ventral body cavity made of?
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
what are the 4 quadrants of the body?
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, Right lower quadrant, Left lower quadrant
it is where we can find the liver, gall bladder, and the duodenum
Right quadrant
it is where we can find the spline, pancreas, stomach, and small part of the liver
Left upper quadrant
it is where we can find the ascending colon, the cecum, and the appendix, and a part of the transverse colon
Right lower quadrant
the half of the transverse colon, ileum (small intestine), and the descending colon
Left lower quadrant
