INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards
the body as a whole is enclosed by the ___________ commonly known as our ______
Integumentary;skin
this system protects our internal organs from drying out from bacteria, and the damaging effects of heat sunlight and an unbelievable number of chemicals from the external environment
Integumentary system
it covers surfaces, line body cavities and form protective sheets around organs
Body membranes
what are the 2 major groups of body membranes
Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membrane
What are the things that are part of the epithelial membranes
Cutaneous, mucus and serous membranes
it is known as our skin?
Cutaneous membranes
it lines the tubular structure and all body cavities that open to the exterior.
Mucous membrane
it is composed of epithelium resting on loose connective tissue
Mucous membrane
its a membrane that secretes mucous
Mucous membrane
it is a line body cavity that are closed to the exterior except the dorsal body cavities and joint cavities
Serous membrane
It lines the wall of the cavity
Parietal Layer
Covers the outside of the organs in the cavity
visceral layer
what type of serous membrane covers the digestive organs
Peritoneum
what type of serous membrane covers the lungs
Pleura
it a type of serous membrane that encloses the heart
Pericardium
it is also known as the synovial membrane
Connective tissue membranes
a membrane of the connective tissue membrane that is made up of soft areolar connective tissue
Synovial membranes
a membrane that contains no epithelial cells at all
Synovial membranes
it lines the fibrous capsules surround the joints
Synovial membranes
it provides smooth surface and secrete lubricating fluid
Synovial membranes
how many percent does the integumentary weight?
16%
it is the largest system of the body
integumentary
what are the 2 parts of the integumentary system?
Cutaneous membrane
appendages/derivate structure of the skin
what are the functions of the integumentary systen?
Protects deeper tissues
Aids in body heat loss or heat retention
Aids in excretion of Urea, salts and water
Synthesize Vitamin D3
the cutaneous sensory receptors
Blood reservoir
what is the uppermost layer of skin full of?
Keratin
it is a fibrous protein, makes the epidermis a tough protective layer and makes up hair and nails
“Keratin”
a part of the function of the integumentary system where it regulates body temperature so the skin is vasculature and sweat gland regulated by the nervous system play an important role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis.
aids in body heat loss or heat retention
it aids in _______ by activating sweat glands and by allowing blood to flush to skin capillaries so that heat can escape from the skin surface
Heat Loss
it is by allowing blood to bypass the skin capillaries temporarily,
Heat retention
it is the extensive vascular supply of the dermis where it allows the skin to act as a _______
Blood reservoir
the cutaneous membrane consists of? 3 dermises
Outer epidermis and inner dermis and the hypodermis
it is the epidermis composed of epithelial cells and is the outer most protective shield of the body
Outer epidermis
it is vascularized so nutrients reach the epidermis by diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis. at what layer of the cutaneous membrane does it belong?
Inner dermis
give the characteristics of the outer epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium and avascular
it makes up the bulk of the skin. it is tough leathery layer composed of fibrous connective tissues.
underlying dermis
what is the other term of hypodermis?
“Superficial fascia”
are also called as the superfiscial fascia because it is superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping the fascia of the skeletal muscle,
Hypodermis
It is a tissue made out of fat
Adipose tissue
it is beneath the dermis, not part of skin but it anchors the skin to underlying organs
Adipose tissue
it is not of the skin but it shares some of the skins protective function
Hypodermis
what specific part of the integumentary system, is made of 5 layers of strata
Epidermis
another term for bed sheets?
Strata
what are the 5 layers of the epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Germinativum/Stratum Basale
it is known as the horny layer
Stratum corneum
how many layers does the stratum corneum have?
15-30 layers of keratinized and water resistant cells
The cells in the layer of stratum corneum can still be anchored to each other by the _________
Desmosomes
the average shedding of the persons dead cells is _______ every minute or an _______ of this skin flakes in a life time
50,000 18kgs
lines body cavities open to the exterior (e.g. digestive and respiratory tract)
serous membrane
are moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity
serous
the ____________ of the dermis allows the skin to act as a blood reservoir
extensive vascular supply
give the characteristics of the inner dermis
Dense connective tissue, highly vascularized
an epithelium capable of keratinizing or becoming hard and tough
stratified squamous epithelium
what do you call when it has no blood supply of its own
avascular
what type of integumentary layer serves as site for fat storage, shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues from extreme temperature change outside of the body
hypodermis
the shingle like cell remnants of the s. corneum
Horny cells
in the stratum corneum the entire layer is being replaced during a period of __________
2-4 weeks
how many layers does the stratum corneum have?
15-30 layers of thick keratinized, water-resistant cells
it is also known as the “clear layer”
Stratum lucidum
where does the stratum lucidum usually found?
palms, soles, feet, digits
a layer of the epidermis where The keratinocytes in this layer are dead and flattened, densely
packed with keratin and eleidin,
stratum lucidum
why does the stratum lucidum called the “clear layer”
a protein called the “eleidin” is responsible for the production of clear and transparent appearance of the stratum lucidum
it is also known as the “grainy layer”
Stratum granulosom
how many layers of keratinocytes are found in the stratum granulosum?
4-6 layers of keratinocytes
in the stratum granulosum what proteins are responsible for the “grainy” like appearance of the cell?
Keratin and keratohyalin
what are the two types of granules in the stratum lucidum?
Keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules
it is found in the stratum granulosom where it helps to form keratin in the upper layers
keratohyalin granules
contain a water-resistant glycolipid that is stood in the extracellular space and is a major factor in slowing water loss across the epidermis
lamellar granules
known as the “spiny layer”
stratum spinosum
The keratinocytes appear to have spines/spikes, causing them to be called as prickled cells. The spines do not exist in living cells so they are artifacts that arise during tissue preparation when these cells shrink, but, their numerous desmosomes hold tight
stratum spinosum
how many layer of keratinocytes are present in the stratum spinosum and they are bound by “desmosomes”
8-10 layer
the synthesis of keratin in the stratum lucidum, begins and they release a __________ that makes the skin relatively waterproof
water-repelling glycolipid
they are dendritic cells in active immune response.
Langerhans cells
The deepest epidermal layer and is attached on the underlying dermis along a wavy borderline (like a corrugated cardboard).
stratum basale
the stratum basale is made up of single row _________. A continually renewing cell population represent the youngest keratinocytes
stem cells
are the most nourished epidermal cells
basal cells
why is the stratum germinativum called the “germinating layer”?
becasue cells are constantly dividing and millions of new cells are produced daily.
some to 10% - 25% of these cells in the s. Basale are _________
melanocytes
what are the cells present in the stratum basale?
Melanocytes and merkel cells
The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin
keratinization
how many days or weeks is it for a cell to move from stratum germinativum to stratum corneum?
15-30 days
Spiderly shaped cells found chiefly in the Stratum Basale
melanocytes
what does the melanocytes produces?
melanin
serves as a natural sunscreen; it protects our
internal organs from the heat of the sun
melanin
also known as the langerhan’s cell
epidermal dendritic cell
where is the epidermal dendritic cell commonly found in what layer of the epidermal skin?
stratum spinosum
Important in alerting immune system cells to bacterial or
viral invasion
epidermal dendritic cell
Also known as “Merkel- Ranvier cells”
merkel cells
what cells are found in the s. basale?
merkel cells and melanocytes
The core of the integumentary system
The second major skin region it is strong and flexible
connective tissue
Dermis
it is the treated dermis of the animal
hide
in what part of the body is the dermis thick? and thin on ?
palm of hands and soles of feet and eyelids thin
what are the 2 layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular layer
Upper region; Uneven layer
papillary layer
provide the stretch recoil property of the skin.
elastic fibers
Give the skin its elasticity.
elastic fibers
found throughout the dermis prevent bacterial invasion.
phagocytes
gives skin strength and resiliency
collagen fibers
deepest skin layer
reticular layer
Coarse and is irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective
tissue
reticular layer
irregularlyarrangedconnectivetissuefibersaswell
as blood vessels, cutaneous glands and deep pressure
receptors
Pacinian corpuscles
Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails
• Located in the dermis and plays a role in maintaining
homeostasis.
appendages of the skin
Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails
Located in the dermis and plays a role in maintaining
homeostasis.
appendages of the skin
which are assumed to enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet.
friction ridges
Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails
Located in the dermis and plays a role in maintaining
homeostasis.
appendages of the skin
2 types of exocrine glands?
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands
what does the sebaceous gland and sweat glands produce?
sebum
what’s the purpose of the sebum?
lubricant and serves as a protection from hair being brittle and slows water loss. bacterium killing action
sweat glands and sebaceous glands becomes very active due to what type of hormone?
androgens
appears on the skin and happens when the sebaceous gland is block by a sebum
white head
sweat gland is also known as the?
Suderferous gland
widely distributed over the entire skin surface except the
nipples and parts of the external genitalia.
sweat gland
what are the two types of sweat gland?
eccrine gland and apocrine gland
a gland that produces sweat, a clear secretion made up of water.
eccrine gland
why do sweat smell?
due to the lactic acid and its pH level of 4-6 causing a great ground for bacterial growth
Opened in the hair follicle, confined to the axillary
(armpit) and genital areas. and only parts with hair
apocrine glands
a gland that contains fatty acids and proteins and is largen than eccrine gland
apocrine glands
a gland that produces milky or yellowish color and odorless; but when bacteria use its proteins and fats, it takes on a musky, unpleasant odor.
apocrine gland
Flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist largely of dead keratinized cells
the hair/pili
how many hairs are distributed over the entire skin surface?
millions
the human body is covered with hair except the?
palms, soles, lips and portions of external genitalia
what are the 2 parts of the pili?
hair shaft and hair root
- Projects from the surface of the scalp or skin
- Keratinized dead cells
- Flat and ribbon-like in cross section – air is kinky - Oval – hair is silky and wavy
hair shaft
- Reminder of the hair, deep into the follicle, and the part
beneath the skin
hair root
what are the 3 concentric layers of a keratinized cell?
medulla, hair cuticle and cortex
- Central core with large cells and air spaces.
- The only part of the hair that contains soft keratin and is
absent in fine hair.
medulla
- bulky layer surrounding the medulla composed of several
layers of flattened cells
cortex
- formed by a single layer of cells that overlap one another
like shingles on the roof
cuticle
the hair follicle name the two parts
inner epithelial root sheath
outer fibrous root sheath
a part of the hair follicle where it forms the hair
inner epithelial root sheath
is the dermal connective tissue
outer fibrous root sheath
Deep end of the follicle located about 4 mm. below the skin surface expands to form a __________
hair bulb
- growth zone; containing stratum basale epithelial cells
hair matrix
- nipplelike; provides the blood supply to the matrix
hair papilla
responsible for the hair color, a cell responsible for hair color and skin color
melanocytes
- involuntary smooth muscle; causes hair to stand up;
the one which produces “goose bumps”
- involuntary smooth muscle; causes hair to stand up;
the one which produces “goose bumps”
arrector pili
region that lies over the thick nail matrix appears a white crescent
Lunula or Little Moon
two types of melanin in the body?
eumelanin and pheomelanin
what are the three pigments responsible for the coloring of the body
melanin, carotene and oxygen rich hemoglobin
a brown-black, found in areola, and skin, and the hair colors gray, black, blond, and brown
* More abundant in people with dark skin
eumelanin
a pink to red hue; found in; large quantities in red hair, the lips, nipples, glans of the penis, and vagina
pheomelanin
orange-yellow pigment present in carrots & other orange, deep yellow, or leafy vegetable. Eating large amounts of carotene-rich foods tends the skin to take on a yellow-orange color.
carotene
The pinkish hue of fair skin reflects the crimson color of the
oxygenated pigment hemoglobin in the red blood cell
circulating through the dermal capillary.
oxygen rich hemoglobin
A condition when Hemoglobin (Hb) is poorly oxygenated, both the blood and the skin
appear blue.
cyanosis
Seen as bruises or black-and-blue marks, seen in sites
where blood has escaped from circulation and has clotted
in the tissue spaces
hematomas
An unusual tendency to bruising
may signify __________
vit. c deficiency or hemophilia
Influence skin color and a change in skin colo rmay signify certain disorders:
emotions
may indicate embarrassment, blushing, fever,
hypertension, inflammation, or allergy
Redness or erythema
ear, anger, and certain other types of emotional stress some people become pale. May signify anemia, low blood pressure or impaired blood flow in the area
Pallor or blanching
usually signifies a liver disorder in which a yellow bile pigments accumulate in the blood and are deposited in body tissues
jaundice or yellow cast
a genetic disorder that affects completely or
partially the color of the skin, hair, and eyes
Albinism
loss of pigment in certain areas of the
skin, due to autoimmune destruction of
melanocytes
vitiligo
a chronic skin condition that is marked
by red and scaly patches of skin. Commonly found in the elbows, knees and loweback
psoriasis
- afungalinfection
- Itchy, red, peeling condition between
toes
tinea pedis or athlete’s foot
afungalinfection
- inflammation of hair follicles &
sebaceous glands
- typically caused by Staphylococcus
aureus
Boils and carbuncles
isadevastatingthreatinourbodyprimarilybecauseofthe effects on the skin.
burns
It is a Tissue damage & cell death by intense heat, electricity, ultraviolet radiation or chemicals (acids).
burns
what are the three types of burns according to severity?
first, second and third degree burns
- “Partial Degree/Thickness Burns”
- only the epidermis is damaged;
- generally, heals in 2-3 days without special attention;
e.g., Sunburn - Symptoms: Include localize redness, swelling, & pain
First degree burn
- “Partial Degree/Thickness Burns”
- injures the epidermis and upper region of dermis and
are damaged. Regrowth of the epithelium can occur; - no permanent scars result if there is no infection - skin regeneration occurs with a little or no scarring
within 2-4 weeks if care is taken to prevent infection
area. - Symptoms: mimic first degree burns, but blisters also appear. The burned area is red and painful.
2nd degree burn
- Entire thickness of the skin is damaged. The burned area appears grey white or cherry red or blackened. And, there is little to no edema.
- Since the nerve endings are destroyed, the burned areas is not painful. Skin might eventually regenerate by proliferating epithelial cells at the edges of the burn or stem cells in hair follicle.
3rd degree burn
a type of skin cancer and is said to be the most malignant and most common
basal cell carcinoma
Leastmalignantandmostcommon.
- Accountsfor80%ofthecases.
- Stratum Basale cells are altered, they cannot form keratin.
This cell proliferates invading the dermis and the
hypodermis.
basal cell carcinoma
Secondmostcommonskincancer
- A rises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum.
- Thisisalsobelievedtobesun-induced.
- Lesions appear as a Scaly reded papule or small rounded
elevations that arises often on the head.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A cancer of melanocytes
- Itaccountsforonlyabout2-3%ofskincancers.Butitisthe most dangerous type of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy.
- Can begin wherever there is pigment. Most cases appear spontaneously, 1/3 develop from pre-existing moles. Usually appears as a spreading brown to black patch that metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels.
malignant melanoma
