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ANAPHY > INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

the body as a whole is enclosed by the ___________ commonly known as our ______

A

Integumentary;skin

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2
Q

this system protects our internal organs from drying out from bacteria, and the damaging effects of heat sunlight and an unbelievable number of chemicals from the external environment

A

Integumentary system

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3
Q

it covers surfaces, line body cavities and form protective sheets around organs

A

Body membranes

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4
Q

what are the 2 major groups of body membranes

A

Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membrane

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5
Q

What are the things that are part of the epithelial membranes

A

Cutaneous, mucus and serous membranes

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6
Q

it is known as our skin?

A

Cutaneous membranes

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7
Q

it lines the tubular structure and all body cavities that open to the exterior.

A

Mucous membrane

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8
Q

it is composed of epithelium resting on loose connective tissue

A

Mucous membrane

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9
Q

its a membrane that secretes mucous

A

Mucous membrane

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10
Q

it is a line body cavity that are closed to the exterior except the dorsal body cavities and joint cavities

A

Serous membrane

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11
Q

It lines the wall of the cavity

A

Parietal Layer

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12
Q

Covers the outside of the organs in the cavity

A

visceral layer

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13
Q

what type of serous membrane covers the digestive organs

A

Peritoneum

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14
Q

what type of serous membrane covers the lungs

A

Pleura

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15
Q

it a type of serous membrane that encloses the heart

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

it is also known as the synovial membrane

A

Connective tissue membranes

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17
Q

a membrane of the connective tissue membrane that is made up of soft areolar connective tissue

A

Synovial membranes

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18
Q

a membrane that contains no epithelial cells at all

A

Synovial membranes

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19
Q

it lines the fibrous capsules surround the joints

A

Synovial membranes

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20
Q

it provides smooth surface and secrete lubricating fluid

A

Synovial membranes

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21
Q

how many percent does the integumentary weight?

A

16%

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22
Q

it is the largest system of the body

A

integumentary

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23
Q

what are the 2 parts of the integumentary system?

A

Cutaneous membrane
appendages/derivate structure of the skin

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24
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary systen?

A

Protects deeper tissues
Aids in body heat loss or heat retention
Aids in excretion of Urea, salts and water
Synthesize Vitamin D3
the cutaneous sensory receptors
Blood reservoir

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25
Q

what is the uppermost layer of skin full of?

A

Keratin

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26
Q

it is a fibrous protein, makes the epidermis a tough protective layer and makes up hair and nails

A

“Keratin”

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27
Q

a part of the function of the integumentary system where it regulates body temperature so the skin is vasculature and sweat gland regulated by the nervous system play an important role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis.

A

aids in body heat loss or heat retention

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28
Q

it aids in _______ by activating sweat glands and by allowing blood to flush to skin capillaries so that heat can escape from the skin surface

A

Heat Loss

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29
Q

it is by allowing blood to bypass the skin capillaries temporarily,

A

Heat retention

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30
Q

it is the extensive vascular supply of the dermis where it allows the skin to act as a _______

A

Blood reservoir

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31
Q

the cutaneous membrane consists of? 3 dermises

A

Outer epidermis and inner dermis and the hypodermis

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32
Q

it is the epidermis composed of epithelial cells and is the outer most protective shield of the body

A

Outer epidermis

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33
Q

it is vascularized so nutrients reach the epidermis by diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis. at what layer of the cutaneous membrane does it belong?

A

Inner dermis

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34
Q

give the characteristics of the outer epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelium and avascular

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35
Q

it makes up the bulk of the skin. it is tough leathery layer composed of fibrous connective tissues.

A

underlying dermis

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36
Q

what is the other term of hypodermis?

A

“Superficial fascia”

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37
Q

are also called as the superfiscial fascia because it is superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping the fascia of the skeletal muscle,

A

Hypodermis

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38
Q

It is a tissue made out of fat

A

Adipose tissue

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39
Q

it is beneath the dermis, not part of skin but it anchors the skin to underlying organs

A

Adipose tissue

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40
Q

it is not of the skin but it shares some of the skins protective function

A

Hypodermis

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41
Q

what specific part of the integumentary system, is made of 5 layers of strata

A

Epidermis

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42
Q

another term for bed sheets?

A

Strata

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43
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Germinativum/Stratum Basale

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44
Q

it is known as the horny layer

A

Stratum corneum

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45
Q

how many layers does the stratum corneum have?

A

15-30 layers of keratinized and water resistant cells

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46
Q

The cells in the layer of stratum corneum can still be anchored to each other by the _________

A

Desmosomes

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47
Q

the average shedding of the persons dead cells is _______ every minute or an _______ of this skin flakes in a life time

A

50,000 18kgs

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48
Q

lines body cavities open to the exterior (e.g. digestive and respiratory tract)

A

serous membrane

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49
Q

are moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity

A

serous

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50
Q

the ____________ of the dermis allows the skin to act as a blood reservoir

A

extensive vascular supply

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51
Q

give the characteristics of the inner dermis

A

Dense connective tissue, highly vascularized

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52
Q

an epithelium capable of keratinizing or becoming hard and tough

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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53
Q

what do you call when it has no blood supply of its own

A

avascular

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54
Q

what type of integumentary layer serves as site for fat storage, shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues from extreme temperature change outside of the body

A

hypodermis

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55
Q

the shingle like cell remnants of the s. corneum

A

Horny cells

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56
Q

in the stratum corneum the entire layer is being replaced during a period of __________

A

2-4 weeks

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57
Q

how many layers does the stratum corneum have?

A

15-30 layers of thick keratinized, water-resistant cells

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58
Q

it is also known as the “clear layer”

A

Stratum lucidum

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59
Q

where does the stratum lucidum usually found?

A

palms, soles, feet, digits

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60
Q

a layer of the epidermis where The keratinocytes in this layer are dead and flattened, densely
packed with keratin and eleidin,

A

stratum lucidum

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61
Q

why does the stratum lucidum called the “clear layer”

A

a protein called the “eleidin” is responsible for the production of clear and transparent appearance of the stratum lucidum

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62
Q

it is also known as the “grainy layer”

A

Stratum granulosom

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63
Q

how many layers of keratinocytes are found in the stratum granulosum?

A

4-6 layers of keratinocytes

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64
Q

in the stratum granulosum what proteins are responsible for the “grainy” like appearance of the cell?

A

Keratin and keratohyalin

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65
Q

what are the two types of granules in the stratum lucidum?

A

Keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules

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66
Q

it is found in the stratum granulosom where it helps to form keratin in the upper layers

A

keratohyalin granules

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67
Q

contain a water-resistant glycolipid that is stood in the extracellular space and is a major factor in slowing water loss across the epidermis

A

lamellar granules

68
Q

known as the “spiny layer”

A

stratum spinosum

69
Q

The keratinocytes appear to have spines/spikes, causing them to be called as prickled cells. The spines do not exist in living cells so they are artifacts that arise during tissue preparation when these cells shrink, but, their numerous desmosomes hold tight

A

stratum spinosum

70
Q

how many layer of keratinocytes are present in the stratum spinosum and they are bound by “desmosomes”

A

8-10 layer

71
Q

the synthesis of keratin in the stratum lucidum, begins and they release a __________ that makes the skin relatively waterproof

A

water-repelling glycolipid

72
Q

they are dendritic cells in active immune response.

A

Langerhans cells

73
Q

The deepest epidermal layer and is attached on the underlying dermis along a wavy borderline (like a corrugated cardboard).

A

stratum basale

74
Q

the stratum basale is made up of single row _________. A continually renewing cell population represent the youngest keratinocytes

A

stem cells

75
Q

are the most nourished epidermal cells

A

basal cells

76
Q

why is the stratum germinativum called the “germinating layer”?

A

becasue cells are constantly dividing and millions of new cells are produced daily.

77
Q

some to 10% - 25% of these cells in the s. Basale are _________

A

melanocytes

78
Q

what are the cells present in the stratum basale?

A

Melanocytes and merkel cells

79
Q

The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin

A

keratinization

80
Q

how many days or weeks is it for a cell to move from stratum germinativum to stratum corneum?

A

15-30 days

81
Q

Spiderly shaped cells found chiefly in the Stratum Basale

A

melanocytes

82
Q

what does the melanocytes produces?

A

melanin

83
Q

serves as a natural sunscreen; it protects our
internal organs from the heat of the sun

A

melanin

84
Q

also known as the langerhan’s cell

A

epidermal dendritic cell

85
Q

where is the epidermal dendritic cell commonly found in what layer of the epidermal skin?

A

stratum spinosum

86
Q

Important in alerting immune system cells to bacterial or
viral invasion

A

epidermal dendritic cell

87
Q

Also known as “Merkel- Ranvier cells”

A

merkel cells

88
Q

what cells are found in the s. basale?

A

merkel cells and melanocytes

89
Q

The core of the integumentary system
The second major skin region it is strong and flexible
connective tissue

A

Dermis

90
Q

it is the treated dermis of the animal

A

hide

91
Q

in what part of the body is the dermis thick? and thin on ?

A

palm of hands and soles of feet and eyelids thin

92
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular layer

93
Q

Upper region; Uneven layer

A

papillary layer

94
Q

provide the stretch recoil property of the skin.

A

elastic fibers

95
Q

Give the skin its elasticity.

A

elastic fibers

96
Q

found throughout the dermis prevent bacterial invasion.

A

phagocytes

97
Q

gives skin strength and resiliency

A

collagen fibers

98
Q

deepest skin layer

A

reticular layer

99
Q

Coarse and is irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective
tissue

A

reticular layer

100
Q

irregularlyarrangedconnectivetissuefibersaswell
as blood vessels, cutaneous glands and deep pressure
receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles

101
Q

Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails
• Located in the dermis and plays a role in maintaining
homeostasis.

A

appendages of the skin

102
Q

Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails
Located in the dermis and plays a role in maintaining
homeostasis.

A

appendages of the skin

103
Q

which are assumed to enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet.

A

friction ridges

104
Q

Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails
Located in the dermis and plays a role in maintaining
homeostasis.

A

appendages of the skin

105
Q

2 types of exocrine glands?

A

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands

106
Q

what does the sebaceous gland and sweat glands produce?

A

sebum

107
Q

what’s the purpose of the sebum?

A

lubricant and serves as a protection from hair being brittle and slows water loss. bacterium killing action

108
Q

sweat glands and sebaceous glands becomes very active due to what type of hormone?

A

androgens

109
Q

appears on the skin and happens when the sebaceous gland is block by a sebum

A

white head

110
Q

sweat gland is also known as the?

A

Suderferous gland

111
Q

widely distributed over the entire skin surface except the
nipples and parts of the external genitalia.

A

sweat gland

112
Q

what are the two types of sweat gland?

A

eccrine gland and apocrine gland

113
Q

a gland that produces sweat, a clear secretion made up of water.

A

eccrine gland

114
Q

why do sweat smell?

A

due to the lactic acid and its pH level of 4-6 causing a great ground for bacterial growth

115
Q

Opened in the hair follicle, confined to the axillary
(armpit) and genital areas. and only parts with hair

A

apocrine glands

116
Q

a gland that contains fatty acids and proteins and is largen than eccrine gland

A

apocrine glands

117
Q

a gland that produces milky or yellowish color and odorless; but when bacteria use its proteins and fats, it takes on a musky, unpleasant odor.

A

apocrine gland

118
Q

Flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist largely of dead keratinized cells

A

the hair/pili

119
Q

how many hairs are distributed over the entire skin surface?

A

millions

120
Q

the human body is covered with hair except the?

A

palms, soles, lips and portions of external genitalia

121
Q

what are the 2 parts of the pili?

A

hair shaft and hair root

122
Q
  • Projects from the surface of the scalp or skin
  • Keratinized dead cells
  • Flat and ribbon-like in cross section – air is kinky - Oval – hair is silky and wavy
A

hair shaft

123
Q
  • Reminder of the hair, deep into the follicle, and the part
    beneath the skin
A

hair root

124
Q

what are the 3 concentric layers of a keratinized cell?

A

medulla, hair cuticle and cortex

125
Q
  • Central core with large cells and air spaces.
  • The only part of the hair that contains soft keratin and is
    absent in fine hair.
A

medulla

126
Q
  • bulky layer surrounding the medulla composed of several
    layers of flattened cells
A

cortex

127
Q
  • formed by a single layer of cells that overlap one another
    like shingles on the roof
A

cuticle

128
Q

the hair follicle name the two parts

A

inner epithelial root sheath
outer fibrous root sheath

129
Q

a part of the hair follicle where it forms the hair

A

inner epithelial root sheath

130
Q

is the dermal connective tissue

A

outer fibrous root sheath

131
Q

Deep end of the follicle located about 4 mm. below the skin surface expands to form a __________

A

hair bulb

132
Q
  • growth zone; containing stratum basale epithelial cells
A

hair matrix

133
Q
  • nipplelike; provides the blood supply to the matrix
A

hair papilla

134
Q

responsible for the hair color, a cell responsible for hair color and skin color

A

melanocytes

135
Q
  • involuntary smooth muscle; causes hair to stand up;
    the one which produces “goose bumps”
A
136
Q
  • involuntary smooth muscle; causes hair to stand up;
    the one which produces “goose bumps”
A

arrector pili

137
Q

region that lies over the thick nail matrix appears a white crescent

A

Lunula or Little Moon

138
Q

two types of melanin in the body?

A

eumelanin and pheomelanin

139
Q

what are the three pigments responsible for the coloring of the body

A

melanin, carotene and oxygen rich hemoglobin

140
Q

a brown-black, found in areola, and skin, and the hair colors gray, black, blond, and brown
* More abundant in people with dark skin

A

eumelanin

141
Q

a pink to red hue; found in; large quantities in red hair, the lips, nipples, glans of the penis, and vagina

A

pheomelanin

142
Q

orange-yellow pigment present in carrots & other orange, deep yellow, or leafy vegetable. Eating large amounts of carotene-rich foods tends the skin to take on a yellow-orange color.

A

carotene

143
Q

The pinkish hue of fair skin reflects the crimson color of the
oxygenated pigment hemoglobin in the red blood cell
circulating through the dermal capillary.

A

oxygen rich hemoglobin

144
Q

A condition when Hemoglobin (Hb) is poorly oxygenated, both the blood and the skin
appear blue.

A

cyanosis

145
Q

Seen as bruises or black-and-blue marks, seen in sites
where blood has escaped from circulation and has clotted
in the tissue spaces

A

hematomas

146
Q

An unusual tendency to bruising
may signify __________

A

vit. c deficiency or hemophilia

147
Q

Influence skin color and a change in skin colo rmay signify certain disorders:

A

emotions

148
Q

may indicate embarrassment, blushing, fever,
hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

A

Redness or erythema

149
Q

ear, anger, and certain other types of emotional stress some people become pale. May signify anemia, low blood pressure or impaired blood flow in the area

A

Pallor or blanching

150
Q

usually signifies a liver disorder in which a yellow bile pigments accumulate in the blood and are deposited in body tissues

A

jaundice or yellow cast

151
Q

a genetic disorder that affects completely or
partially the color of the skin, hair, and eyes

A

Albinism

152
Q

loss of pigment in certain areas of the
skin, due to autoimmune destruction of
melanocytes

A

vitiligo

153
Q

a chronic skin condition that is marked
by red and scaly patches of skin. Commonly found in the elbows, knees and loweback

A

psoriasis

154
Q
  • afungalinfection
  • Itchy, red, peeling condition between
    toes
A

tinea pedis or athlete’s foot

155
Q

afungalinfection
- inflammation of hair follicles &
sebaceous glands
- typically caused by Staphylococcus
aureus

A

Boils and carbuncles

156
Q

isadevastatingthreatinourbodyprimarilybecauseofthe effects on the skin.

A

burns

157
Q

It is a Tissue damage & cell death by intense heat, electricity, ultraviolet radiation or chemicals (acids).

A

burns

158
Q

what are the three types of burns according to severity?

A

first, second and third degree burns

159
Q
  • “Partial Degree/Thickness Burns”
  • only the epidermis is damaged;
  • generally, heals in 2-3 days without special attention;
    e.g., Sunburn
  • Symptoms: Include localize redness, swelling, & pain
A

First degree burn

160
Q
  • “Partial Degree/Thickness Burns”
  • injures the epidermis and upper region of dermis and
    are damaged. Regrowth of the epithelium can occur; - no permanent scars result if there is no infection
  • skin regeneration occurs with a little or no scarring
    within 2-4 weeks if care is taken to prevent infection
    area.
  • Symptoms: mimic first degree burns, but blisters also appear. The burned area is red and painful.
A

2nd degree burn

161
Q
  • Entire thickness of the skin is damaged. The burned area appears grey white or cherry red or blackened. And, there is little to no edema.
  • Since the nerve endings are destroyed, the burned areas is not painful. Skin might eventually regenerate by proliferating epithelial cells at the edges of the burn or stem cells in hair follicle.
A

3rd degree burn

162
Q

a type of skin cancer and is said to be the most malignant and most common

A

basal cell carcinoma

163
Q

Leastmalignantandmostcommon.
- Accountsfor80%ofthecases.
- Stratum Basale cells are altered, they cannot form keratin.
This cell proliferates invading the dermis and the
hypodermis.

A

basal cell carcinoma

164
Q

Secondmostcommonskincancer
- A rises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum.
- Thisisalsobelievedtobesun-induced.
- Lesions appear as a Scaly reded papule or small rounded
elevations that arises often on the head.

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

165
Q

A cancer of melanocytes
- Itaccountsforonlyabout2-3%ofskincancers.Butitisthe most dangerous type of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy.
- Can begin wherever there is pigment. Most cases appear spontaneously, 1/3 develop from pre-existing moles. Usually appears as a spreading brown to black patch that metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels.

A

malignant melanoma

ANAPHY (37 decks)

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