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ANAPHY > CHAPTER 2 ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

Structural unit of all living things

A

Cell

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2
Q

Without the _____ in our bodies, we are nothing

A

Cells

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3
Q

From Latin cella, meaning

A

“Small room”

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4
Q

He imagined the cell as living in a small room

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

It is the basic living unit of the body

A

Cell

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6
Q

The entire body contains about ______ cells.

A

100 trillion

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7
Q

Is the collective term for what’s inside the cell membrane

A

Protoplasm

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8
Q

What are the 5 basic substances of the cell?

A

Water, Carbohydrates, electrolytes, proteins, lipids

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9
Q

the power house of the cell. Generates majority of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Energy currency of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

components of the cell skeleton which determines the shape of the cell

A

Microtubule

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11
Q

a cellular organelle involved in the process of cell division

A

Centrosome

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12
Q

Contains digestive enzymes also called as the “Suicidal Bag” because it is capable of destroying its own cell

A

Lysosome

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13
Q

important in lipid metabolism and chemical toxification

A

Peroxisome

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14
Q

serves as storage

A

Vacuole

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15
Q

associated with lipid or fat manufacture and
hormone production

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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16
Q

contains ribosome, involved in the production,
folding, quality control, and dispatch of some proteins

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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17
Q

the brain of the cell

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

contains chromatin inside the cell

A

Nucleolus

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19
Q

What are the four concepts of the cell theory?

A
  1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. So, when you define cell properties, you are in fact defining the properties of life.
  2. The activity of the organism depends on the collective activities of its cells.
  3. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shape or form and by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures.
  4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis
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20
Q

it is a rodlike, double-membrane structures: inner membrane folded into projections called cristae.

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

its function is to site Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

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22
Q

it is a Dense Particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. Free attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

its function is to site protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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24
Q

Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the cistern, and coiling through cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes

A

Rough E.R

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25
Q

an organelle which has Sugar groups attached to proteins withing the cisterns. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites. External face synthesizes phospholipids

A

Rough E.R

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26
Q

a Membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes

A

Smooth E.R

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27
Q

it is the Site of lipid and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

A

Smooth E.R

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28
Q

A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the nucleus

A

Golgi Apparatus

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29
Q

It packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane

A

Golgi apparatus

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30
Q

Membranous sac of catalase and oxidase enzymes

A

Peroxisomes

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31
Q

it detoxifies a number of toxic substances. The most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

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32
Q

Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases (powerful digestive enzymes)

A

Lysosome

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33
Q

it is a site of intracellular digestion

A

Lysosome

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34
Q

Cylindrical structure made of tubulin proteins

A

Microtubules

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35
Q

it Supports the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present

A

Microtubules

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36
Q

are Protein fibers; composition varies

A

Intermediate filaments

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37
Q

it is the The state of cytoskeletal elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

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38
Q

it is a Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules

A

Centrioles

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39
Q

it Organizes the microtubule network during mitosis (cell division) to form the spindle and asters. Form the bases of cilia and flagella

A

Centrioles

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40
Q

Varied; includes stored nutrients such as lipid droplets and glycogen granules, protein crystals, pigment granules

A

Inclusions

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41
Q

its function is a Storage for nutrients, wastes, and cell product

A

Inclusion

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42
Q

According to the ________, the activities of the cells are dictated by their structure (anatomy), which determines function (physiology).

A

Principle of complementarity

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43
Q

What are the four concepts of the cell theory?

A
  1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. So, when you define cell properties, you are in fact defining the properties of life.
  2. The activity of the organism depends on the collective activities of its cells.
  3. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shape or form and by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures
  4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis
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44
Q

What are the three main regions of the cell?

A

nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm

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45
Q

Usually located near the center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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46
Q

The nucleus is surround by the _________.

A

Semifluid cytoplasm

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47
Q

Forms the outer cell boundary

A

Plasma membrane

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48
Q

Also known as the “headquarters” or the control center

A

Nucleus

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49
Q

what is the meaning of Nucle?

A

Kernel

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50
Q

blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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51
Q

it carries the instructions for building proteins

A

mRNA/DNA

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52
Q

Necessary for cell reproduction

A

DNA

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53
Q

it is a cell that has lost or ejected its nucleus

A

Self-destruct

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54
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus?

A

Oval or spherical

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55
Q

What are the three recognizable regions or structures?

A

the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm

56
Q

It is the double membrane barrier of the nuclear boundary.

A

Nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane

57
Q

It is when two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse and generates opening called ________.

A

Nuclear pores

58
Q

The nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid

A

Nucleoplasm

59
Q

the nucleus contains one or more small, dark staining, essentially round bodies called _____.

A

Nucleoliornucleolus

60
Q

What is the plural form of nucleolus

A

Nucleoli

61
Q

are sites where cell structures called ribosomes are assembled

A

Nucleoli

62
Q

they eventually migrate into the cytoplasm, where they serve as the actual sites of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

63
Q

are chromatin threads that coils and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies

A

Chromosomes

64
Q

Chromo means _______
Soma means ____

A

Colored bodies

65
Q

is a fragile transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surround environment.

A

Plasma membrane

66
Q

The structure of the plasma membrane consists of __________ arranged “tail to tail” with cholesterol and floating proteins scattered.

A

two phospholipid layers

67
Q

What do you call the phospholipids that may have sugar groups attached?

A

Glycolipids

68
Q

These are also called sugar-proteins

A

Glycoproteins

69
Q

the cell surface of the glycoproteins is a fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area called _________

A

glycocalyx

70
Q

What are the three roles of you glycoproteins?

A

They determine your blood type, act as receptors and play a role in cell-to-cell recognition and interactions.

71
Q

Are cells that ingests bacteria and foreign debris

A

Phagocytic cells

72
Q

What are the three ways that cells are bound together?

A

• Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhe- sive or cellular glue.
• Wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a tongue-and-groove fashion.
• Special cell membrane junctions are formed. These junctions vary structurally depending on their roles.

73
Q

impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets.

A

Tight junctions

74
Q

fuse together tightly like a zipper and prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space be- tween cells.

A

Tight junctions

75
Q

anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells. They prevent cells sub- jected to mechanical stress (such as heart muscle cells and skin cells) from being pulled apart.

A

Desmosomes

76
Q

function mainly to allow communica- tion. These junctions are commonly found in the heart and between embryonic cells

A

Gap junctions

77
Q

are hollow cylinders composed of proteins

A

Connexons

78
Q

spans the entire width of the abutting membranes

A

Transmembrane proteins

79
Q

How do substances move across the plasma membrane?

A

Through diffusion

80
Q

it is the movement from one compartment to another also the movement from
the greater to lesser concentration

A

Diffusion

81
Q

In what solution is the RBC if there are equal amounts of solutes from the outside and inside of the cell.

A

RBC in isotonic solutions

82
Q

it is a solution in the RBC where solute rich liquid or more water inside the cell so water will try to move out

A

RBC in Hypertonic solution

83
Q

It is a solution that has lesser solute but more solvent. Water will try to move to achieve a solute solvent equilibrium thereby resulting of the RBC to swell and sometimes they will hemolyze or burst

A

RBC in hypotonic solutions

84
Q

this process is specifically designed in the kidney through the
glomerulus

A

Filtration

85
Q

in what transport will happen where there is the presence of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP), It uses energy so ATP will give a phosphate ion to that sodium potassium pump thereby it becomes ADP.

A

Active transport

86
Q

it is a transport that through some molecules are either excreter or secreted into the cell. It is mainly the movement of particles or fluid droplets through the plasma membrane by the process of endocytosis or exocytosis

A

Vesicular transport

87
Q

it is mainly the movement of particles or fluid droplets through the plasma membrane by the process of _________.

A

Endocytosis or exocytosis

88
Q

the process of capturing substance or particle from outside of the cell by ingulfing the plasma membrane and then bringing it into the cell

A

Endocytosis

89
Q

the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and
releasing it content to the outside of the cell

A

exocytosis

90
Q

“cell drinking”

A

pinocytosis

91
Q

occurs in the somatic cells which takes place inside the body

A

Mitosis

92
Q

occurs in the sex organ producing sex cells

A

Meiosis

93
Q

What are the different process of mitosis?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

94
Q

A process of cellular division where cell grows and makes a copy of its dna.

A

interphase

95
Q

What cellular transformation does the description fit in? the DNA is condensed down to chromosomes. These does not happen in prokaryotic cells

A

prophase

96
Q

A process of cellular division where the chromosome will align in the center. Importance of the centrioles, purpose for cell division

A

Metaphase

97
Q

the pulling apart of the daughter chromosome

A

Anaphase

98
Q

nuclear membrane starts to reform around the two nuclei so there is already the appearance of cleavage furrow

A

Telophase

99
Q

the furrow is pinched together so that 2 new cells are finally formed

A

Cytokinesis

100
Q

use body cells which produces two daughter cells starting from diploid cells and resulting into a genetically identical diploid cell

A

Mitosis

101
Q

use sex cells which produce four daughter cells starting from diploid cells and end with four nonidentical haploid cells

A

Meiosis

102
Q

what is a haploid male sexual cell formed after meiosis from spermatocytes that eventually matures into a spermatozoon.

A

spermatid

103
Q

is the female gamete

A

ova

104
Q

it is An ensemble of similar cells and their extra cellular matrix from the same origin
that together carry out specific function

A

Tissue

105
Q

it means something that is woven

A

tissue

106
Q

it is the study of tissues

A

Histology

107
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues

A

epithelial, nervous, muscular and connective tissues

108
Q

it means laid on, covering

A

Epithe

109
Q

what are the 3 principal shapes of epithelium

A

Squamous epithelium, Cuboidal epithelium, Columnar epithelium

110
Q

haracterized by being flat possessing an oblong nucleus having a scale-like appearance. The cells are wider, tall, and appear somewhat hexagonal when viewed from above

A

Squamous epithelium

111
Q

the width and the height are more or less equal it has a cube- like appearance when viewed from atop

A

Cuboidal epithelium

112
Q

column shape the height is taller than the length and width. The height is approx. 4 x the width. The nucleus of each cell is elongated and often found near the base

A

Columnar epithelium

113
Q

a type of tissue that is located on the air sacs of lungs and lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

A

simple squamous epithelium

114
Q

it is a type of tissue where its function is to allow materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances.

A

simple squamous epithelium

115
Q

it is a type of tissue that is located in ducts and secretory portions of small gland and in kidney tubules

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

116
Q

a type of tissue that secretes and absobrs

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

117
Q

a type of tissue that are located in the bronchi uterine tubes, and uterus, smooth (nonciliated tissues) are in the digestive tract bladder

A

simple columnar epithelium

118
Q

it is a type of tissue that absorbs, it also secretes mucous and enzymes

A

simple columnar epithelium

119
Q

a type of tissue that is a ciliated tissue that lines the trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

120
Q

a type of tissue who function is to secrete mucus: a ciliated tissues moves mucus

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

121
Q

it lines the espohagus, mouth and vagina. what type of tissue is it?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

122
Q

it is a type of tissue where its function is protect against abrasion

A

stratified squamous epithelium

123
Q

it is a type of tissue where it is located on the sweat glands, salivary glands and the mammary glands

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

124
Q

it is a type of tissue where it functions as a protective tissue

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

125
Q

it is a type of tissue where it is located on the male urethra and the ducts of some glands

A

stratified columnar epithelium

126
Q

its function is to secrete and protect. what is this type of tissue?

A

stratified columnar epithelium

127
Q

it is located on the lines of the bladder, urethra and the uters

A

transitional epithelium

128
Q

its function is to allow the urinary organs expand and stretch

A

transitional epithelium

129
Q

it is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue

A

connective tissue

130
Q

it connects one organ to another or tissue to tissue

A

connective tissue

131
Q

it is a highly specialized tissue where it contracts or shorts, to produce movement

A

muscular tissue

132
Q

it is a type of specialized tissue where it receives and conducts elctrochemical impulses

A

nervous tissue

133
Q

it is a type of tissue where irritability and conductivity are their two major functional characteristics

A

nervous tissue

134
Q

Describe the appearance of an Isotonic RBC

A

Cellular Integrity

135
Q

Describe the appearance of a RBC when it is hypotonic

A

Swollen

136
Q

Describe the appearance of a RBC when it is hypotonic

A

Swollen

137
Q

Describe the appearance of a RBC when it is hypertonic

A

Crenate

ANAPHY (37 decks)

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