CHAPTER 2 ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY Flashcards
Structural unit of all living things
Cell
Without the _____ in our bodies, we are nothing
Cells
From Latin cella, meaning
“Small room”
He imagined the cell as living in a small room
Robert Hooke
It is the basic living unit of the body
Cell
The entire body contains about ______ cells.
100 trillion
Is the collective term for what’s inside the cell membrane
Protoplasm
What are the 5 basic substances of the cell?
Water, Carbohydrates, electrolytes, proteins, lipids
the power house of the cell. Generates majority of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Energy currency of the cell
Mitochondria
components of the cell skeleton which determines the shape of the cell
Microtubule
a cellular organelle involved in the process of cell division
Centrosome
Contains digestive enzymes also called as the “Suicidal Bag” because it is capable of destroying its own cell
Lysosome
important in lipid metabolism and chemical toxification
Peroxisome
serves as storage
Vacuole
associated with lipid or fat manufacture and
hormone production
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
contains ribosome, involved in the production,
folding, quality control, and dispatch of some proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
the brain of the cell
Nucleus
contains chromatin inside the cell
Nucleolus
What are the four concepts of the cell theory?
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. So, when you define cell properties, you are in fact defining the properties of life.
- The activity of the organism depends on the collective activities of its cells.
- According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shape or form and by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures.
- Continuity of life has a cellular basis
it is a rodlike, double-membrane structures: inner membrane folded into projections called cristae.
Mitochondria
its function is to site Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
it is a Dense Particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. Free attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
its function is to site protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the cistern, and coiling through cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes
Rough E.R
an organelle which has Sugar groups attached to proteins withing the cisterns. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites. External face synthesizes phospholipids
Rough E.R
a Membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes
Smooth E.R
it is the Site of lipid and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification
Smooth E.R
A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the nucleus
Golgi Apparatus
It packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus
Membranous sac of catalase and oxidase enzymes
Peroxisomes
it detoxifies a number of toxic substances. The most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases (powerful digestive enzymes)
Lysosome
it is a site of intracellular digestion
Lysosome
Cylindrical structure made of tubulin proteins
Microtubules
it Supports the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present
Microtubules
are Protein fibers; composition varies
Intermediate filaments
it is the The state of cytoskeletal elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell
Intermediate filaments
it is a Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules
Centrioles
it Organizes the microtubule network during mitosis (cell division) to form the spindle and asters. Form the bases of cilia and flagella
Centrioles
Varied; includes stored nutrients such as lipid droplets and glycogen granules, protein crystals, pigment granules
Inclusions
its function is a Storage for nutrients, wastes, and cell product
Inclusion
According to the ________, the activities of the cells are dictated by their structure (anatomy), which determines function (physiology).
Principle of complementarity
What are the four concepts of the cell theory?
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. So, when you define cell properties, you are in fact defining the properties of life.
- The activity of the organism depends on the collective activities of its cells.
- According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shape or form and by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures
- Continuity of life has a cellular basis
What are the three main regions of the cell?
nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm
Usually located near the center of the cell
Nucleus
The nucleus is surround by the _________.
Semifluid cytoplasm
Forms the outer cell boundary
Plasma membrane
Also known as the “headquarters” or the control center
Nucleus
what is the meaning of Nucle?
Kernel
blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
it carries the instructions for building proteins
mRNA/DNA
Necessary for cell reproduction
DNA
it is a cell that has lost or ejected its nucleus
Self-destruct
What is the shape of the nucleus?
Oval or spherical
What are the three recognizable regions or structures?
the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm
It is the double membrane barrier of the nuclear boundary.
Nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane
It is when two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse and generates opening called ________.
Nuclear pores
The nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid
Nucleoplasm
the nucleus contains one or more small, dark staining, essentially round bodies called _____.
Nucleoliornucleolus
What is the plural form of nucleolus
Nucleoli
are sites where cell structures called ribosomes are assembled
Nucleoli
they eventually migrate into the cytoplasm, where they serve as the actual sites of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
are chromatin threads that coils and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies
Chromosomes
Chromo means _______
Soma means ____
Colored bodies
is a fragile transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surround environment.
Plasma membrane
The structure of the plasma membrane consists of __________ arranged “tail to tail” with cholesterol and floating proteins scattered.
two phospholipid layers
What do you call the phospholipids that may have sugar groups attached?
Glycolipids
These are also called sugar-proteins
Glycoproteins
the cell surface of the glycoproteins is a fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area called _________
glycocalyx
What are the three roles of you glycoproteins?
They determine your blood type, act as receptors and play a role in cell-to-cell recognition and interactions.
Are cells that ingests bacteria and foreign debris
Phagocytic cells
What are the three ways that cells are bound together?
• Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhe- sive or cellular glue.
• Wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a tongue-and-groove fashion.
• Special cell membrane junctions are formed. These junctions vary structurally depending on their roles.
impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets.
Tight junctions
fuse together tightly like a zipper and prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space be- tween cells.
Tight junctions
anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells. They prevent cells sub- jected to mechanical stress (such as heart muscle cells and skin cells) from being pulled apart.
Desmosomes
function mainly to allow communica- tion. These junctions are commonly found in the heart and between embryonic cells
Gap junctions
are hollow cylinders composed of proteins
Connexons
spans the entire width of the abutting membranes
Transmembrane proteins
How do substances move across the plasma membrane?
Through diffusion
it is the movement from one compartment to another also the movement from
the greater to lesser concentration
Diffusion
In what solution is the RBC if there are equal amounts of solutes from the outside and inside of the cell.
RBC in isotonic solutions
it is a solution in the RBC where solute rich liquid or more water inside the cell so water will try to move out
RBC in Hypertonic solution
It is a solution that has lesser solute but more solvent. Water will try to move to achieve a solute solvent equilibrium thereby resulting of the RBC to swell and sometimes they will hemolyze or burst
RBC in hypotonic solutions
this process is specifically designed in the kidney through the
glomerulus
Filtration
in what transport will happen where there is the presence of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP), It uses energy so ATP will give a phosphate ion to that sodium potassium pump thereby it becomes ADP.
Active transport
it is a transport that through some molecules are either excreter or secreted into the cell. It is mainly the movement of particles or fluid droplets through the plasma membrane by the process of endocytosis or exocytosis
Vesicular transport
it is mainly the movement of particles or fluid droplets through the plasma membrane by the process of _________.
Endocytosis or exocytosis
the process of capturing substance or particle from outside of the cell by ingulfing the plasma membrane and then bringing it into the cell
Endocytosis
the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and
releasing it content to the outside of the cell
exocytosis
“cell drinking”
pinocytosis
occurs in the somatic cells which takes place inside the body
Mitosis
occurs in the sex organ producing sex cells
Meiosis
What are the different process of mitosis?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
A process of cellular division where cell grows and makes a copy of its dna.
interphase
What cellular transformation does the description fit in? the DNA is condensed down to chromosomes. These does not happen in prokaryotic cells
prophase
A process of cellular division where the chromosome will align in the center. Importance of the centrioles, purpose for cell division
Metaphase
the pulling apart of the daughter chromosome
Anaphase
nuclear membrane starts to reform around the two nuclei so there is already the appearance of cleavage furrow
Telophase
the furrow is pinched together so that 2 new cells are finally formed
Cytokinesis
use body cells which produces two daughter cells starting from diploid cells and resulting into a genetically identical diploid cell
Mitosis
use sex cells which produce four daughter cells starting from diploid cells and end with four nonidentical haploid cells
Meiosis
what is a haploid male sexual cell formed after meiosis from spermatocytes that eventually matures into a spermatozoon.
spermatid
is the female gamete
ova
it is An ensemble of similar cells and their extra cellular matrix from the same origin
that together carry out specific function
Tissue
it means something that is woven
tissue
it is the study of tissues
Histology
what are the 4 types of tissues
epithelial, nervous, muscular and connective tissues
it means laid on, covering
Epithe
what are the 3 principal shapes of epithelium
Squamous epithelium, Cuboidal epithelium, Columnar epithelium
haracterized by being flat possessing an oblong nucleus having a scale-like appearance. The cells are wider, tall, and appear somewhat hexagonal when viewed from above
Squamous epithelium
the width and the height are more or less equal it has a cube- like appearance when viewed from atop
Cuboidal epithelium
column shape the height is taller than the length and width. The height is approx. 4 x the width. The nucleus of each cell is elongated and often found near the base
Columnar epithelium
a type of tissue that is located on the air sacs of lungs and lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
simple squamous epithelium
it is a type of tissue where its function is to allow materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances.
simple squamous epithelium
it is a type of tissue that is located in ducts and secretory portions of small gland and in kidney tubules
simple cuboidal epithelium
a type of tissue that secretes and absobrs
simple cuboidal epithelium
a type of tissue that are located in the bronchi uterine tubes, and uterus, smooth (nonciliated tissues) are in the digestive tract bladder
simple columnar epithelium
it is a type of tissue that absorbs, it also secretes mucous and enzymes
simple columnar epithelium
a type of tissue that is a ciliated tissue that lines the trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
a type of tissue who function is to secrete mucus: a ciliated tissues moves mucus
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
it lines the espohagus, mouth and vagina. what type of tissue is it?
stratified squamous epithelium
it is a type of tissue where its function is protect against abrasion
stratified squamous epithelium
it is a type of tissue where it is located on the sweat glands, salivary glands and the mammary glands
stratified cuboidal epithelium
it is a type of tissue where it functions as a protective tissue
stratified cuboidal epithelium
it is a type of tissue where it is located on the male urethra and the ducts of some glands
stratified columnar epithelium
its function is to secrete and protect. what is this type of tissue?
stratified columnar epithelium
it is located on the lines of the bladder, urethra and the uters
transitional epithelium
its function is to allow the urinary organs expand and stretch
transitional epithelium
it is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue
connective tissue
it connects one organ to another or tissue to tissue
connective tissue
it is a highly specialized tissue where it contracts or shorts, to produce movement
muscular tissue
it is a type of specialized tissue where it receives and conducts elctrochemical impulses
nervous tissue
it is a type of tissue where irritability and conductivity are their two major functional characteristics
nervous tissue
Describe the appearance of an Isotonic RBC
Cellular Integrity
Describe the appearance of a RBC when it is hypotonic
Swollen
Describe the appearance of a RBC when it is hypotonic
Swollen
Describe the appearance of a RBC when it is hypertonic
Crenate
