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semester 1 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is myalgia?

A

muscle pain

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2
Q

What is myasthenia?

A

weakness of muscles

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3
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

muscle component of the heart

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4
Q

What is myopathy?

A

any disease of the muscles

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5
Q

Whta is myoclonus?

A

sudden spasm of the muscle

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6
Q

What are the two main types of muscle? What is the main difference between them?

A

striated
non-striated
striated has myoglobin
non striated does not have myoglobin

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7
Q

What does myoglobin do?

A

Hb gives myoglobin oxygen especially at low pH for example when lactate builds up

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8
Q

What happens if muscle necrosis causes the release of myoglobin into the blood?

A

myoglobinuria

renal damage

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9
Q

What the plasma membrane of a muscle called?

A

sacrolemma

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm of muscle called?

A

sacroplasm

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11
Q

What is the mitochondria in muscle called?

A

sacrosome

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12
Q

What is the contraction unit of muscle called?

A

sacromere

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13
Q

What is the SR of muscle called?

A

sacroplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

What is each fibre surrounded by?

A

endomysium

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15
Q

What are bundles of fibres called?

A

fascicles

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16
Q

What are fascicles surrounded by?

A

perimysium

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17
Q

What are bundles of fascicles surrounded by?

A

epimysium

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18
Q

Where are nuclei in skeletal muscle?

A

peripheral

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19
Q

What defines the length of a sacromere?

A

distance between two zlines

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20
Q

Is myosin thick or thin?

A

thick

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21
Q

Is actin thick or thin?

A

thin

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22
Q

What is the dark band called?

A

A band

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23
Q

What is the light band called?

A

I band

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24
Q

What are type 1 muscle fibers?

A

slow oxidative
aerobic
fatigue resistant

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25
Q

What are type 2A muscle fibers?

A

fast oxidative glycolytic
aerobic
moderate fatigue resistance

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26
Q

What are type 2B muscle fibers?

A

fast glycolytic
anaerobic
rapid fatigue

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27
Q

Cardiac muscle cells act as a …

A

synctium

wave-like function

28
Q

What are the structures called that cardiomyocytes communicate through?

A

intercalated disc

29
Q

What does cardiac muscle not have?

A

t-tubules

30
Q

Where are the nuclei found?

A

centrally positioned

31
Q

What isoforms of troponin are found in cardiac muscle?

A

I and T

32
Q

What does ANP stand for?

A

Atrial natriuetic peptide

33
Q

What does BNP stand for?

A

brain-type natriuetic peptide

34
Q

What do ANP/BNP do? When are they released?

A

decrease atrial pressure by reducing blood volume and systemic resistance
released in heart failure

35
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

muscle cell enlargement

36
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

multiplication of muscle cells

37
Q

What shape are smooth muscle fibers?

A

spindle shaped

fusiform

38
Q

Where is the nucleus located in smooth muscle

A

central

39
Q

Smooth muscle does not have…

A

striations
t-tubules
sacromeres
troponins

40
Q

What are the cave-like invaginations smooth muscle has called?

A

caveolae

41
Q

Problems with involuntary muscles?

A 
may develop mind of its own 
asthma  
painful menstruation 
increase bp 
incontinence 
abnormal gut motility
42
Q

Can skeletal muscle repair and if so how?

A

yes by mitotic activity of satellite cells
Hyperplasia follows muscle injury
Satellite cells may fuse together resulting in hypertrophy

43
Q

Can cardiac muscle repair?

A

not in adults

damage–> fibroblasts invade–> scarring

44
Q

Can smooth muscle regenerate?

A

yes mitotic activity maintained

45
Q

What does sympathetic innervation do to HR?

A

increase it

46
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation do to HR?

A

decrease it

47
Q

What voltage gates open in heart to allow influx of calcium ?

A

l-type voltage gates

dihydropyridine receptors

48
Q

What a does the influx of calcium cause?

A

calcium induced calcium released

ryanodine receptors on endoplasmic reticulum open

49
Q

Explain how oxytocyin activates smooth muscle

A 
activate secondary messenger systems 
Ca influx induced
Ca-calmodulin complex produced 
myosin light chain kinase activated 
phosphorylation of myosin ligt chain 
actin and myosin crossbridge can form
50
Q

What cell resides above the terminal schwann cell in smooth muscle?

A

kranocyte unsure of function

51
Q

What subunit of tropinin does calcium bind?

A

TnC

52
Q

What pumps calcium ions back into terminal cisternae of SR?

A

SERCA2A

53
Q

What is myasthenia gravis? What does it cause?

A

autoimmune disorder where antibodies are produced against Ach receptors
endplate invaginations reduced, butons increase try increase signal to muscle
results in intermittent muscle weakness

54
Q

What is ptosis?

A

drooping of upper eyelid

55
Q

Explain the sliding filament theory

A

look at book

56
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

limbs divided into compartments delineated by fascia. Damage to muscle resulting in bleeding can cause the pressure within compartments to increase resulting in pain, altered sensation, swelling/shiny skin, increase capillary refill time

57
Q

What is the treatment for compartment syndrome

A

Fasciotomy

58
Q

Name three mechanisms of muscular atrophy

A

disuse
surgery - degeneration of nerves takes 3 months to recover
disease- muscular dystrophies

59
Q

Explain the mechanism of muscular hypertrophy

A

Overstretching –> a and i band no longer engaged

new fibrils produced resulting in new sacromeres added into the middle of existing sacromeres

60
Q

What is duchenne muscular dystrophy? What causes the destruction of muscle tissue?

A

x linked recessive disorder
mutation in dytsrophin gene
excess Ca into muscles–> Ca taken up by mt’s–> water taken as result–> mt burst –> muscles burts

61
Q

What is is called when muscles burst and release their contents? What happens as a result?

A

rhabdomyolysis
increase creatine kinase and myoglobin in the blood
kidney damage may result

62
Q

What is measured in the blood as an indicator of MI?

A

troponin I

63
Q

What bacteria is the botulinum toxin produced by?

A

clostridium botulinum

64
Q

What does botulinum toxin do?

A

block NT release

65
Q

What does organophosphate poisoning do?

A

inhibit action of acetylcholine esterase therefore Ach action at NMJ potentiated

66
Q

What are the muscarinic symptoms of organophosphate poisoning?

A 
Salivation 
Lacrimation (tears) 
Urination
Defecation 
Gi cramping
Emesis (vomiting)
67
Q

What are the nicotinic symptoms of organophosphate poisoning?

A 
Muscle cramps 
Tachycardia 
Weakness
Twitching 
Fasciculations

semester 1 (45 decks)

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