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semester 1 > Integrating Cell Into Tissues And Organs > Flashcards

Integrating Cell Into Tissues And Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Where do cells of body originate from?

A

Epiblast

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2
Q

Name 4 things that hold cells together

A

Cell-cell adhesion molecules
ECM proteins
Internal-external scaffolding
Close proximity/ pressure effects

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3
Q

4 categories of body tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nerve

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4
Q

What stem cell is responsible for the production of connective tissue?

A

Mesenchymal stem cell

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5
Q

Name the Components of connective tissue

A

Cells - fibroblasts etc
Fibres
Ground substance - GAGs

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6
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A

Line all cavities and free surfaces

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7
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Barrier- protective

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8
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

Layer of connective tissue beneath the epithelial layer

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9
Q

What tissue originates from the ectoderm?

A

Epidermis

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10
Q

What tissue originates from the endoderm?

A

Mucosal membrane epithelial layers

Line cavities and free surfaces

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11
Q

What time originates from the mesoderm?

A

Serous membranes, the inner lining of body compartments

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12
Q

Name adherence systems found on the lateral surface.

A 
Tight junctions 
Adhesion junctions 
Desmosomes 
Gap junctions 
Cell adhesion molecules
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13
Q

What is paracellular transport?

A

In gut the tight junctions transiently open to allow small molecules to cross the underlying tissue

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14
Q

Name adherence systems found on the basal surface.

A

Hemi desmosomes
Focal adhesions
Integrins

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15
Q

Where is mucosal membrane found?

A

Lines moist hollow internal organs of the body

continuous with skin at mouth, anus and vagina

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16
Q

What is a mucosal membrane made up of?

A

organ with all 4 tissues
epithelial layer
lamina propria ( connective tissue layer)
Smooth muscle layer
carries nerves. blood vessels and lymphatic system

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17
Q

What are the main functions of mucosal membranes

A

stop pathogens and dirt
prevent dehydration
lubrication

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18
Q

Name three examples of mucosal membranes in the body

A

urinary tract
respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract

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19
Q

Name the 5 layers of the mucosal membrane in the GI tact.

A
  1. mucosa- epithelium and lamina propria
  2. muscular mucosae- discontinuous SM
  3. submucosa- connective tissue
  4. muscularis externa- sm
  5. Serosa- connective tissue
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20
Q

in the muscularis externa in the GI tract what are the outer and inner smooth muscles?

A 
inner = circular 
outer= longitudinal
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21
Q

Name the main functions of the mucosal membrane in the GI tract.

A
  1. absorb substances from the lumen
  2. prevent ingress of pathogens
  3. move contents and expel waste
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22
Q

What is the urinary tract made up of?

A

kidneys
ureter
bladder
urethra

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23
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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24
Q

What structures does blood flow through in the kidney?

A 
glomerulus 
primal tube 
loop of Henle
distal use 
collecting duct
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25
Q

What type of epithelial is in the corpuscle ?

A

squamous epithelium

26
Q

What type of epithelium is in the collection duct?

A

cuboidal epithelium

27
Q

Where does the muscle layer of the mucosal membrane first appear in the urinary tract?

A

ureter/ bladder

28
Q

Name the layers in the mucosal membrane of the bladder.

A

transitional epithelium
muscularis mucosae
lamina propria
Smooth muscle

29
Q

In the muscularis externa of the bladder what are the outer and inner smooth muscles

A

inner longitudinal

outer circular

30
Q

Name the main functions of the mucosal membrane in the urinary tract.

A

prevent ingress of pathogens
prevent the leakage of toxic products
transitional epithelium, fat etc allow distension of the blade as it fills

31
Q

What type of epithelium is in the urethra?

A

keratinised, squamous

32
Q

What are the two sections that make up the respiratory tract?

A

conducting airways

Respiratory airway

33
Q

what layers make up the mucosal membrane in the trachea and primary bronchi?

A

mucosa- cilia and goblet cells
submucosa- connective tissue and submucosa glands
C-shaped hyaline cartilage

34
Q

What are the two layers of the c-shaped hyaline cartilage in the trachea?

A

PERICHONDRIUM

CHRODRIGENIC

35
Q

What is the mucocilliary escalator?

A

secretion of epithelium and submucous glands moved towards oral cavity by cilia wave so that trapped pathogens etc can be swallowed and destroyed

36
Q

What is the cartilage like in the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

does not completely encircle lumen

37
Q

Name the layers of the alveoli

A

endothelium
fused basal lamina- folded to allow expansion of air sacs
thin epithelial layer

38
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

As structures such as the heart, lungs etc develop they invaginate bag like cavities creating a serous membrane
two part membrane which lines closed body caves and envelop viscera

39
Q

What is the outer edge of a serous membrane called?

A

parietal serosa

40
Q

What is the inner edge( closer to the organ) of the serous membrane called?

A

visceral serosa

41
Q

Name three examples of serous membranes.

A

peritoneum
pleural sacs
pericardial sac

42
Q

Name the 8 classifications of epithelial cell types, there shape andan example where each type can be found.

A

simple squamous- flat- line heart/ bv’s and pleural sac
simple cuboidal- square- thyroid follicles
simple columnar- rectangle- CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN
psuedostratified- rectangle, nuclei at different levels- upper respiratory tract
stratified squamous (keratinised and non-keratinised)- flat- epidermis
stratified cuboidal- polygonal- sweat glands
stratified columnar- rectangle- portions of male urethra
transitional- changes columnar to flat- bladder

43
Q

Explain the process of keratinisation

A

specialised epithelial cells called keratinocytes divide at basal layer and move to the surface becoming differentiated, they have no nuclei, cannot divide and are cornfield when they reach the surface called the stratum corneum.

44
Q

What is the normal transit time of a keratinocyte to the stratum corneum? What happens in psoriasis?

A

28-40 days.

transit time is greatly reduced resulting in an abundance of stratum corneum seen as silvery scales

45
Q

Name 6 cell surface specialisations

A 
keratin 
cilia 
goblet cells 
Clara/club cells 
microfold cells 
stereo cilia
46
Q

What is the role of a keratin cell surface specialisation?

A

stop water loss

prevent abrasion

47
Q

What is the role of a cilia cell surface specialisation?

A

control micro environment of luminal contents

48
Q

What is the role of a goblet cells?

A

produce mucus to trap pathogens and moisten and lubricate

49
Q

What is the role of a club cells?

A

protect bronchioles

act as SC’s for respiratory epithelium

50
Q

What is the role of a microfold cell surface specialisation?

A

SI only
near to lymphatic nodule
present material to immune system

51
Q

What is the role of stereocilia?

A

mechano-sensing organelles for balance and hearing in ear

possible role in absorbing excess residual sperm body

52
Q

Define acute bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles resulting in cough, excess mucus production and SOB for less than 3 months

53
Q

Define chronic bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles resulting in cough, excess mucus production and SOB with 2 episodes acting more than 2 months in a 2 year period

54
Q

Define emphysema

A

SOB due to permanent widening of the airspaces vital to the terminal bronchioles without fibrosis

55
Q

Define COPD.

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

umbrella term

56
Q

Define asthma.

A

wheese/SOB/ tight chest and cough varying in intensity and overtime normally a trigger that makes it worse
caused by bronchospasm, narrowing of conducting airways, obstruction and obstruction from mucus

57
Q

How long does cilia genesis take?

A

2-4 days

58
Q

What are the cell renewal rates of the trachea?

A

1-2 months

59
Q

What are the cell renewal rates of the alveoli?

A

8 days

60
Q

What are the cell renewal rates of the goblet cells?

A

10 days

61
Q

What are the cell renewal rates of the club/Clara cells?

A

do not regenerate

semester 1 (45 decks)

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