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semester 1 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Homeo- sameness
Stasis- standing still

Maintenance of a constant internal environment
Dynamic equilibrium

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2
Q

Mechanism of regulation in homeostasis with examples

A

Positive and negative feedback loops

Neg= blood glucose 
Positive= coagulation cascade
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3
Q

Name parameters in homeostasis

A 
Carbon dioxide/ oxygen
Salt and electrolytes
Waste products 
PH and temp
Vol/pressure
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4
Q

What four things are needed in a system

A

Disruptor- change parameter
Detector- detect change
Control system- control response
Effector- return parameter to normal level

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5
Q

What is core body temperature?

A

Head, neck and torso
37 +/- 0.5 degrees
Elderly lower
Fluctuates throughout day- circadian rhythm
Increase at certain stages of menstrual cycle- LUTEAL

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6
Q

What acts as ‘thermostat’ in thermoregulation? What is the set point? Areas of hypothalamus that respond?

A

Hypothalamus input from peripheral and central thermoreceptors

Approximately 37 degrees can be altered in response to things such as pyrogens

Preoptic area of H increase discharge rate in response o increase core temp
Other areas increase firing when temperature drops

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7
Q

What glands produce sweat?

A

Eccrine

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8
Q

How does the body respond to decrease in core temp?

A

Increase sympathetic nerve activity

Vasoconstriction 
AV anastomoses closed
Shivering (increase metabolic waste) 
Piloerection 
Behavioural e.g. Curl up to reduce SA from which heat can be lost
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9
Q

Name three things that trigger vasodilation?

A

Decrease sympathetic nerve activity
Bradykinin in sweat
Local increase in metabolites

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10
Q

How does the body respond to an increase in core temp?

A

Vasodilation
Sweating
Pilorelaxation
Behavioural- stretch out to increase SA from which heat can be lost

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11
Q

Define pyrexia?

A

Core body temp above 38.5

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12
Q

What causes pyrexia?

A 
Most often infection
Produce IL-1/6 and TNF alpha 
Increase prostaglandin E2
PGE2 acts on preoptic area 
Induce febrile response
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13
Q

Why pyrexia in the elderly a problem?

A

Elderly reduced thermoregulatory ability therefore temperature could reach dangerous level

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14
Q

Why pyrexia a good thing?

A

Optimal temperature for immune system to function and fight infection

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15
Q

What could be given to treat pyrexia?

A

Paracetamol
Aspirin
NSAIDs
Other antipyretic drugs

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16
Q

Define hyper pyrexia

A

Temperature above 41.5

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17
Q

Define pH

A

Power of H

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18
Q

Give pH range of the body. What are the names given to the condition when the pH is above/ below this range?

A

7.35-7.45
Above= alkalosis
Below = acidosis

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19
Q

What are the pH limits of human tissue survival?

A

6.8-7.8

20
Q

What are the two organs mainly responsible for the maintenance of pH?

A

Kidney

Lungs

21
Q

Change in h+ concentration by factor of 2 correlats to a pH change of

A

0.3

22
Q

What are the systems called that help regulate pH? Name two

A

Buffer systems
Carbonic acid- bicarbonate system
Sodium phosphate buffer system

23
Q

What is gastric pH? Why is it different?

A

1.5-3.5

Enzymes in digestive system work better at these pH’s

24
Q

Name an antacid used of indigestion. What property makes it effective?

A

Aluminium hydroxide

Mildly alkaline but insoluble

25
Q

How would you measure pH of the body?

A

Blood gas analysis

PH and lactate level important

26
Q

How much water should a adult drink per day to maintain fluid balance

A

2.5 L

27
Q

What is the percentage of total body water for an adult male?

A

60%

28
Q

What is TBW for a female/ elderly?

A

50

29
Q

What is TBW for a child/ infant?

A

70%

30
Q

How much of TBW is intracellular fluid?

A

2/3

31
Q

How much of TBW is extracellular fluid

A

1/3

32
Q

How much of ECF is interstitial fluid

A

80%

33
Q

How much of ECF is plasma volume?

A

20%

34
Q

What is the volume of blood in a standard male?

A

5L

35
Q

How is TBW affected by weight?

A

TBW decrease with increase in body fat

36
Q

Define isotonic

A

Same amount of water either side of PM

37
Q

Define hypertonic

A

More solute particles in solution than other side of membrane

38
Q

Define hypotonic

A

Less solute particles in solution than other Side of membrane

39
Q

Define osmosis

A

Movement of water down a concentration gradient by diffusion across semipermeable membrane

40
Q

Key sign baby is dehydrated?

A

Baby crying but no tears

41
Q

Define osmolality. What are its units?

A

Concentration of solution expressed as total no. Of solute particles/kg
Osmotic/kg
Temp/pressure no effect

42
Q

What protein is key in maintaining oncotic pressure?

A

Albumin

43
Q

Define oedema. Give two causes. Give a symptom.

A

Fluid retention
Swollen ankles
Damage/ blockage to lymphatic system
Damage to capillaries fenestrations allowing plasma protein in interstitial fluid

44
Q

What can too much water result in?

A

Cerebral oedema
Decrease in Na in blood = hyponatremia
Damage to cells

45
Q

What is in a IV drip

A

0.9% NaCl

semester 1 (45 decks)

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