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semester 1 > Glands > Flashcards

Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gland?

A

an epithelial cell or an aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance

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2
Q

Define secretion

A

the production and release of materials by a cellular aggregate of cells

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3
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

ducted
enzymes and lubricants
example salivary gland

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4
Q

What is the hybrid cell that is seen in some exocrine ducts? What are their role?

A

myoepithelial cells

help eject the secretion from the duct

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5
Q

What is an endocrine cell?

A

ductless release into bloodstream
hormones
example thyroid

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6
Q

What are the shared steps of gland development generated in utero? What the happens in endocrine and exocrine cells?

A

growth factors cause proliferation and extracellular protein degradation by enzymes creates space
epithelial cell invade.
Endocrine- angiotensin to allow formation of bv’s and apoptosis of link to mother cell.
Exocrine- central cells die off to create duct

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7
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

fusion of vesicles with apical membrane
exocytosis
regulated and constitutive
insulin from beta cells

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8
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

partial loss of the cytoplasm

lactation mammary glands

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9
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

complete loss of cytoplasm

sebaceous glands

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10
Q

What is cytocrine secretion?

A

cells released as secretion

sperm

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11
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

covalent attachment of sugars by enzyme to protein and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

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12
Q

Define exocytosis

A

vesicles fuse to membrane and secretion released outside cell

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13
Q

define endocytosis

A

engulfing of molecules inside the cell via vesicle formation

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14
Q

define phagocytosis

A

cells envelop/ engulf other cells and particles

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15
Q

define pinocytosis

A

process in which liquid droplets are ingested by cells

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16
Q

Name the 4 types of transepithelial transport

A

paracellular
transcellular
carrier proteins
receptors–> endocytosis –> exocytosis

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17
Q

Name the 4 types of glandular control with examples

A

humoral- parathyroid in response to decrease Ca
neural- catcholamines form adrenal medulla
hormonal- hypothalamus–> anterior pituitary–> another endocrine gland

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18
Q

Name the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

A 
TSH 
ACTH
FSH 
LH 
GH
prolactin 
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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19
Q

Name the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH (vasopressin)

oxytocin

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20
Q

Name the hormones produced by the thyroid gland

A

T3 and T4

calcitonin

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21
Q

Name the hormone produced by the parathyroid gland

A

parathyroid hormone

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22
Q

Name the hormones produced by the adrenal glands

A

catecholamines
corticosteroids
aldosterone

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23
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the pancreas

A

glucagon
insulin
somastatin

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24
Q

Name 4 types of hormone

A

peptide
steroid
amino acid derives- catecholamines and thyroid H’s

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25
Q

What gestational weeks to gland develop?

A

5-16

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26
Q

Where does the pituitary develop from?

A

neurohypophyseal bud and hypophyseal pouch

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27
Q

Where does the thyroid develop from?

A

floor of pharynx and 2nd pharyngeal pouch

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28
Q

Where does the parathyroid develop from?

A

3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches

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29
Q

where does the pancreas develop from?

A

fore gut

30
Q

where does the adrenal glands develop from?

A

intermediate mesoderm and neural crest

31
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus produce that act on the anterior pituitary?

A

6

32
Q

What are the two portal systems in the body?

A

hypothalamus hypophyseal portal system

hepatic portal system

33
Q

What defines a portal system?

A

capillaries to portal vessels to capillaries then to veins and back to heart

34
Q

What is the skin that joins the two lobes of the thyroid?

A

isthmus

35
Q

Name a hypothyroid condition

A

hashimoto’s

36
Q

name a hyperthyroid condition

A

graves

37
Q

What do parafollicular cells produce ?

A

calcitonin

38
Q

What are the main effects of calcitonin?

A

decrease Ca
inhibit osteoclasts
prevent reabsorption of ca and phosphate in kidney

39
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

increase Ca

cause bone to release calcium and increase it absorption in the GI tract

40
Q

What shape is the right adrenal gland?

A

pyramid

41
Q

What shape is the left adrenal gland?

A

crescent moon shape

42
Q

What. cells in the medulla are connected to the presynaptic sympathetic nerves?

A

chromaffin cells

43
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

44
Q

What is produced by the zone glomeruloas of the cortex?

A

aldosterone

45
Q

What is produced by the zone fasciculata of the cortex?

A

glucocorticoids

46
Q

What is produced by the zone reticularis of the cortex?

A

androgen precursors

47
Q

What is the stress response?

A

maintenance of homeostasis in the present of a aversive stimulus that requires the activation of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems

48
Q

Where does the head of the pancreas sit?

A

curve of duodenum

49
Q

Where is the pancreas found?

A

behind stomach, left hand side

50
Q

What enzymes are produced by the exocrine region of the pancreas?

A 
chymotrypsin 
trypsin 
amylase 
lipase 
ribonuclease 
deoxyribonuclease 
elastase 
gelatinase
51
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the intercalated ducts

A

simple columnar epithelium

52
Q

What is the endocrine region of the pancreas called?

A

islets of langerhans

53
Q

what do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce?

A

glucagon

54
Q

what do the beta cells of the pancreas produce?

A

insulin

55
Q

what to the delta cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Somastatin

56
Q

Secretion from parotoid gland?

A

predominantly serous

57
Q

Where is parotoid gland located?

A

below and infront of the ear

58
Q

What are the two parts of the submandibular gland and what do they secrete?

A

superficial- mucous

deep- serous

59
Q

How does parasympathetic ns affect salivary secretion?

A

lots watery saliva

60
Q

How does sympathetic ns affect salivary secretion?

A

small amount of thick secretion

lots of mucus

61
Q

Where is liver located?

A

right hand side under ribcage

62
Q

What are the blood supplied to the liver?

A

hepatic artery

hepatic portal system

63
Q

What vessels are in the portal triad?

A

bile duct, hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein

64
Q

What type of capillaries line the vessel in the liver?

A

sinusoids

also found in the spleen

65
Q

What do zone 1 hepatocytes do?

A

gluconeogensis
beta oxidation
cholestrol synthesis

66
Q

What do zone 2 hepatocytes do?

A

glycolysis, lipogeneis and cytochrom P450

67
Q

What do zone 3 hepatocytes do?

A

minimal metabolic function

where drug toxicity occurs

68
Q

List 4 main hepatocyte functions

A

protein synthesis and storage
carb metabolism and storage
lipid metabolism
detoxification

69
Q

What are kupffer cells? What roles do they carry out?

A

specialist macrophages part of sinusoidal lining
remove bacteria
remove damage erthyrocytes (spleenectomy especially)
migrate sites of inflammation

70
Q

What is the role of ito/ stellate cells?

A

contain vitamin A in healthy liver

damaged liver- differentiate to myofibroblasts causing fibrosis

71
Q

What isa the role of the dendritic cell?

A 
function unknown 
possibly antigen presenting and recruitment of other immune cells

semester 1 (45 decks)

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