bone and cartilage

Question 1

What is the matrix of cartilage made of

Answer 1

hyaluronic acid

proteoglycans

Question 2

what cells are always present in cartilage

Answer 2

chondrocytes

Question 3

Name the three types of cartilage

Answer 3

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

Question 4

describe hyaline cartilage

Answer 4

contains chondrocytes
perichondrium containing fibroblast like precursor cells
then these develop to chondrocytes in chondrial region
a vascular
chondrocytes sit in lacuna and produce and maintain ECM
chondrocytes may be in isogenous group or singular

Question 5

explain the structure of hyaluronic acid and how it contributes to compression resistance

Answer 5

hyaluronic acid binds collagen type 2 
and proteoglycans 
creates hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregate that is gel like 
attracts water die to negative charge 
water non compressible

Question 6

where is hyaline cartilage found

Answer 6

precursor model for bones 
articular surface of long bones 
epiphyseal plates 
nose
trachea 
larynx 
bronchi 
parts of rib cage

Question 7

what is growth from the periphery called

Answer 7

appositional growth

Question 8

what is growth from the centre called

Answer 8

interstitial growth

Question 9

Where is elastic cartilage found

Answer 9

pinna of ear
eustachian tube
epiglottis

Question 10

what does fibrocartilage contain

Answer 10

chondrocytes and fibroblasts

combination of hyaline cartilage and dense irregular connective tissue

Question 11

where is fibrocartilage found

Answer 11

intervertabral discs
articular discs of sternoclavicualr joint and 
temporomandibular joints 
menisci of the knee 
pubic symphysis

Question 12

what does fibrocartilage resist

Answer 12

shock and shearing forces

Question 13

What does fibrocartilage not have

Answer 13

surrounding perichondrium

Question 14

Explain the process of endochondral ossification

Answer 14

initial hyaline cartilage model
collar of periosteal bone forms
calcification of central cartilage and nutrient artery penetrates
primary ossification formed
medulla becomes cancellous bone and cartilage forms epiphyseal growth plates
epiphyses develop secondary ossification centres
epiphyses ossify and growth plates continue to move apart lengthening bone
growth cessation epiphyseal growth plates replaced by bone
articular cartilage remains

Question 15

increased in girth of bone occurs by

Answer 15

periosteal ossification

intramembranous

Question 16

What are the main components of bone matrix

Answer 16

organic- collagen I/ non collagenous proteins/ proteoglycans

inorganic - calcium hydroxypatite

Question 17

what is a osteoprogenitor cell

Answer 17

undifferentiated stem cell

found inner layer of endosteum and periosteum

Question 18

what is osteoblast

Answer 18

lay down bone

inner layer endosteum and spicules

Question 19

what is a osteocyte

Answer 19

terminally differentiated bone cell
maintenance
trapped in osteon
filipodia to allow transfer of nutrients and communication between each other

Question 20

what is a osteoblast

Answer 20

bug as fused monocytes- multinucleated
surface of cortical bond endosteum
reabsoprtion of bone
look for depression

Question 21

What is the central canal of an osteon called

Answer 21

harvesian canal

Question 22

What are the canals that perforate between osteons called

Answer 22

volkmann canals

Question 23

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 23

age related degenration 
mechanical failure of articular cartilage 
narrowing of joint space 
bone rubs bone 
growth of bony spurs

Question 24

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 24

autoimmune disease that results in inflammation of synovial membrane, thickening of joint capsule and damage to bone and articular cartilage

Question 25

what are the associated changes with rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 25

increase osteoclast degradation
increase macrophages - stimulate is and digest bone
T cells recognise bine as non self
fibroblast lay down scar tissue
eventually angiogensis occurs cause increase fluid and inflammation