Bone marrow and haemopoiesis

Question 1

name the 5 types of bone

Answer 1

long 
short
flat 
irregular 
sesamoid

Question 2

What is the other name for bone marrow?

Answer 2

medulla ossea

Question 3

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 3

compact/cortical

trabecular/cancellous

Question 4

What is the function of red marrow?

Answer 4

develop blood cells

Question 5

What is the function of yellow marrow?

Answer 5

full of adipocytes- shock absorber and energy source

can convert into red marrow

Question 6

Where is red marrow found?

Answer 6

epiphysis

Question 7

Where is yellow marrow found?

Answer 7

diaphysis

Question 8

Explain how maturing blood cells leave the bone?

Answer 8

BM sinusoids
central marrow vein
vein comitans

Question 9

How are platelets released?

Answer 9

HSC fuse 
nucleus of 2/4 cells 
megakaroycte develops 
fuse surface of sinusoid 
apocrine release of platelets into circulation

Question 10

How long does it take for a RBC to mature?

Answer 10

2 days

Question 11

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 11

they are already mature

Question 12

Where to T cells mature?

Answer 12

thymus and lymphoids

Question 13

What controls flow into capillaries?

Answer 13

precapillary sphincters

Question 14

Name the three layers in a vein and what they are made form?

Answer 14

tunica intimia- endothelial layer
media- elastic fibers + SM
externa= elastic fiber capsule

Question 15

What stop backflow in veins?

Answer 15

fibroelastic valves

Question 16

What are the four types of vein?

Answer 16

pulmonary
systemic
superficial
deep

Question 17

Name the three layers in an artery and what they are made of ?

Answer 17

initima- endothelial
media- SM + elastic
externa adventitia - collagen and elastic

Question 18

Name difference between arteries and veins

Answer 18

vein larger lumen
media of artery thicker
vein = valves
artery- high pressure system

Question 19

What are collateral BV’s?

Answer 19

form when blood flow to tissue compromised to provide alternative pathway
often for due to chronic disease - cancer or ischemia

Question 20

What is vasculogenesis explain the process?

Answer 20

new blood vessel forms
VEGF from endoderm
formation of primary plexus
sprouting angiogensis- FGF from MSC, pericyte to SM, slow
or
intussusception- twinned vessel with primary vessel need GF’s fast

Question 21

What is angiogensis?

Answer 21

new bv from existing bv e.g. collateral BV’S

Question 22

What is a pericyte?

Answer 22

immature SM like cell in basal lamina

Question 23

What triggers erythropoiesis?

Answer 23

erythropoietin a glycoprotein produced by the kidney (liver fetal) in response to hypoxia

Question 24

What happens in erythropoiesis simply?

Answer 24

nucleus shrinks and removed as in majority of RNA to allow max capacity for oxygen

Question 25

What cells does granulopoeisis form?

Answer 25

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

Question 26

What triggers granulopoeisis?

Answer 26

Granulocyte stimulatiing factor (G-CSF)

Question 27

Describe neutrophils and their function

Answer 27

mutilobed nucleus
granules contain - matrix matalloproteinases
gelatinase and lysozymes
phgocytic/APC/ neitrophil extracellular traps/ respiratory bursts

Question 28

Describe basophils and their function

Answer 28

granules of heparin and histamine
release contents in hypersensitivity reactions
bilobed nucleus

Question 29

Describe eosinophils

Answer 29

2 nuclear lobes
contain antihelminthic proteins
phagocytic

Question 30

Describe macrophages/monocytes

Answer 30

phagocytic
APC’s
largest blood cell
unilobular- horse shoe shape

Question 31

What upregulates thrombopoeisis?

Answer 31

thrombopoietin from liver

Question 32

What do B cells produce?

Answer 32

antibodies - humoral adaptive immunity

Question 33

What to T cell provide?

Answer 33

cell mediated immunity