MSK 34 - Lower Limb-V

Question 1

What type of joint is the ankle? What bones articulate in the ankle joint? What type of motion does this joint allow for?

Answer 1

Question 2

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Question 3

What is the ankle joint stabilized by?

Answer 3

The medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments

Question 4

Describe the composition of the lateral and deltoid ligaments.

Answer 4

Question 5

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Question 6

Describe what an inversion injury is and what is commonly damaged.

Answer 6

Question 7

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Question 8

How can the ankle ligaments be visualized on an x-ray?

Answer 8

They usually can’t be seen on x-ray

Question 9

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Question 10

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Question 11

Where is the tarsal tunnel located? What forms it and what are its contents?

Answer 11

Question 12

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Question 13

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Question 14

What is the purpose of the arches of the foot?

Answer 14

To absorb and distribute downward forces from the body during standing and moving on different surfaces

Question 15

List the muscles and ligaments that support the arches of the foot.

Answer 15

Question 16

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Question 17

Name these conditions

Answer 17

Left - Hallux varus

Right - Hallux valgus

Question 18

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Question 19

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Question 20

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Question 21

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Question 22

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Question 23

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Question 24

What is the mnemonic to remember which muscles the medial plantar nerve innervates?

Answer 24

LAFF

First Lumbrical

Abductor Hallucis

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Question 25

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Question 26

Answer 26

mc/ic/lc - medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiforms

Question 27

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Question 28

Discuss the superficial lymphatic drainage of the lower limb.

Answer 28

Question 29

Discuss the deep lymphatic drainage of the lower limb.

Answer 29

Question 30

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Question 31

Is venous pressure higher or lower in deep or superficial veins? Why?

Answer 31

Deep veins are found within the deep fascia which means their pressure rises when the nearby muscles contract (muscular pump). Superficial veins are outside the deep fascia and are therefore not exposed to these compression forces when muscles contract. Venous pressure is therefore higher in the deep veins.

Question 32

What is the purpose of the venous valves?

Answer 32

Question 33

What is and what causes a varicose vein? Which veins are most likely to become varicose?

Answer 33

Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted. This usually occurs in the superficial veins of the legs when their valves become insufficient. This causes blood to backflow and for these veins to become engorged with blood.

Question 34

Aside from cosmetic issues, what problems can varicose veins cause?

Answer 34

Question 35

Which areas of the lower limb are most useful for testing the spinal nerves? Why and how?

Answer 35

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Question 37

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Question 38

How is the achilles tendon reflex test done and what does it test for?

Answer 38