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Honors Biology 1 > MS51-57 Test > Flashcards

MS51-57 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

4 main phases of cell cycle?

A

Mitotic (M phase)
G1
Synthesis (S phase
G2

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2
Q

what happens in M phase?

A

process of nuclear division

in which chromosomes are paired then divided creating two daughter cells through a 5 step process

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3
Q

5 steps of M phase?

A 
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
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4
Q

what happens in G1?

A

growth and activity

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5
Q

what happens in S phase?

A

DNA is replicated

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6
Q

what happens in G2?

A

continued growth and building of spindle fibers and centrioles

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7
Q

what are growth factors?

A

a protein boosting growth of a tissue

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8
Q

what are cyclins?

A

a protein that initiates Mitosis (M)

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9
Q

cells that don’t divide?

A

neurons
muscle cells
red blood cells

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10
Q

cells that often divide?

A

skin cells
intestinal tract lining cells
nail/hair cells

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11
Q

what are stem cells?

A

cells that can permanetly change into another type of cell

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12
Q

what are gametes?

A

sex cells, either eggs or sperm
contain half the # of normal chromosomes

when joined produce a full set

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13
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

does not require two organisms to produce offspring; offspring are identical to parents

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14
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

requires two multicellular organisms and the offspring have a 50/50 mix of alleles from both parents

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15
Q

kinds of asexual and who use it?

A

budding (lots of division at one site) yeast and coral

fragmentation (a piece of you becomes new) plants and sponges

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16
Q

kind of sexual and who use it?

A

bacterial conjugation; bacteria

meiosis 1/2;for gametes

mitosis; for growth/repair/ maintenance

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17
Q

what is interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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18
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasmic division producing 2 daughter cells

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19
Q

what is Go?

A

a resting non-dividing cell that exited the cell cycle

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20
Q

how is the cell cycle controlled?

A

growth factors-> cyclins -> CDK’s

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21
Q

what stops the cell cycle?

A

abnormalities such as;
DNA damage
mistakes in DNA replication
mitotic spindle malfunctions

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22
Q

what happens if cell cycle continues through abnormalities?

A

can lead to cancer or other diseases

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23
Q

what is a mutation?

A

change in DNA sequence that can be passed on

can be silent

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24
Q

what can cause a mutation?

A

alteration of base DNA

destruction/introduction/moving of genes/chromosomes

25
Q

what are tumor suppressor genes?

A

(AKA antioncogene) a cell that protects the cell from a step that leads to cancer

26
Q

what is proto-oncogene?

A

a normal gene that when altered becomes oncogene which contributes to cancer

some signal cell division or regulate apoptosis

27
Q

what is P53?

A

a gene regulating apoptosis, suppresses tumors, regulates cell cycle, and stops cell division if there is damaged DNA

28
Q

benign tumors?

A

non-cancerous

non-spreading

29
Q

malignant tumors?

A

cancerous out of control cells

can invade other tissue which spreads and leads to metastasis

30
Q

cancer facts?

A

40% of people diagnosed
200 types
30% due to tobacco
1 in 4 deaths by cancer

31
Q

what is cancer?

A

characterized by tumors, which when one gains the ability to spread becomes cancer

32
Q

what causes cancer?

A

mutations in genes controlling the cell cycle

10% of cancer is hereditary

33
Q

what is stage 4 cancer?

A

spread of tumors from original site

34
Q

how to grow from benign to malignant?

A

angiogenesis
loss of cell adhesion
loss of anchorage dependance

35
Q

what are haploids?

A

1 set of chromosomes
use meiosis
called gametes

36
Q

what are diploids?

A

2 sets of chromosomes
use mitosis
somatic cells

37
Q

what is chromatin?

A

the material that composes chromosomes (except bacteria)

made of protein, DNA, and RNA

38
Q

what is Histone Proteins?

A

package and order DNA

mainly in chromatin

39
Q

what are chromosomes made of?

A

chromatin

40
Q

vertebrates are usually?

A

diploid (1 mat. 1 pat.)

41
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

(2n)body cells that build an individual

42
Q

haploid cells?

A

gametes (n)

43
Q

how many homologous pairs are in humans?

A

23

44
Q

how many chromosomes are in humans? how many are autosomal (non-sex)

A

46

44

45
Q

in gametes how many chromosomes? how many are autosomal?

A

23

22

46
Q

what is Karyotype?

A

shows the # and physical appearance of chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus

47
Q

cytokinesis in animal and plant cells?

A 
animal= cleavage furrow
plant= cell plate
48
Q

what are germ line cells?

A

sex cells

49
Q

what is reduction division?

A

AKA meiosis; division of a germ cell into 4 gametes

50
Q

what is a tetrad?

A

AKA bivalent; a pair of paternal and maternal chromosomes

51
Q

what is crossing over?

A

process of exchanging portions of maternal and paternal chromosomes

52
Q

what is radiation?

A

targeted radiation waves to prevent cell division in cancer

53
Q

what is chemotherapy?

A

a cocktail of drugs targeting both cancer and healthy cells, killing them

54
Q

meiosis?

A

nuclear division of germ line cells creating 4 daughter cells through reduction division (2n->n)

55
Q

reduction division does what?

A

reduces 2n germ line cells to 1n gametes through separation of homologous pairs

56
Q

end of meiosis 1?

A

2 haploid daughter cells

57
Q

what is metastasis?

A

spread of cancer cells from a tumor

58
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

Honors Biology 1 (22 decks)

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