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Honors Biology 1 > Ms40-48 > Flashcards

Ms40-48 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

energy must be invested into a system to maintain order

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2
Q

what do we call usable form of energy?

A

energy carriers

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3
Q

what are PS & CR?

A

reverse metabolic processes

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4
Q

what is basal metabolic rate/how is it measured? (BMR)

A

energy required to sustain organ functions, measured by CO2 released in an hour

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5
Q

what percentage of energy is used for BMR?

A

70%. 20% of that for brain and 27% for liver.

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6
Q

how is energy stored in energy carriers?

A

chemical bonds or high energy electrons.

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7
Q

who uses PS?

A

plants, protists, cyanobacteria

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8
Q

energy carriers in CR?

A

ATP
NADH
FADH

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9
Q

energy carriers in PS?

A

ATP

NADPH

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10
Q

what does it mean to be complementary metabolic pathways?

A

the products of one are the reactants of the other

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11
Q

where does CR take place?

A

in the cytosol and mitochondrion

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12
Q

overall input to overall output of CR?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —>

6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

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13
Q

where does PS occur?

A

in the chloroplast

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14
Q

overall input to overall output of PS?

A

6H20 + 6CO2 + light energy —>

C6H12O6 + 602

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15
Q

stages of PS and places?

A 
light reactions (thylakoid)
calvin cycle (stroma)
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16
Q

does CR w/ or w/o O2 produce more energy? who uses that?

A

with 02, big cells w/ low SA/V ratio

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17
Q

stages of CR and places?

A 
glycolysis (cytoplasm)
krebs cycle (mitochondrion)
oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrion)
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18
Q

what is obligate anaerobic CR?

A

no oxygen is used because it is toxic

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19
Q

what is obligate aerobic CR?

A

must use oxygen

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20
Q

what is facultative anaerobic CR?

A

anaerobic but if oxygen is present they can use it

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21
Q

inputs of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2NAD+

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22
Q

outputs of glycolysis?

A

2 net ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2NADH

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23
Q

inputs of fermentation?

A

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

24
Q

outputs of fermentation?

A

2 lactic acid OR ethanol, 1CO2(alcoholic), 2NAD+

25
Q

who uses fermentation?

A

yeast
prokaryotes
muscle tissue

26
Q

preparatory phase for krebs cycle location?

A

mito. matrix

27
Q

preparatory phase inputs?

A

1 pyruvate, 1NAD+

28
Q

preparatory phase outputs?

A

1CO2, 1NADH, 1 acetyl CoA

29
Q

krebs cycle inputs?

A

1 acetyl CoA

30
Q

krebs cycle outputs?

A

2CO2, 1ATP, 1FADH, 3 NADH (double for one glucose)

31
Q

study drawing …

A

input/output table, stages

32
Q

ETC inputs?

A

O2, NADH, FADH, ADP+P

33
Q

ETC outputs?

A

H20, ATP

34
Q

how is light absorbed?

A

through pigments

35
Q

what is the energy of light used to do? What does this do?

A

to split H20 into 2H+, 1/2O2, 2e-

sets up H+ gradient

36
Q

where is there a high concentration of H+? low?

A

high in thylakoid space (lumen)

low in stroma

37
Q

where are the e- from the pigments used and how are they effected?

A

they are used in the ETC and are “excited” from sunlight absorption

38
Q

pigments absorb what?

A

different wavelengths

39
Q

which commonly used wavelength is shortwave?

A

violet

40
Q

which commonly used wavelength is longwave?

A

red

41
Q

which wavelengths have more energy? less?

A

shortwave has more

longwave has less

42
Q

what is the main pigment used by plants?

A

chlorophyll a

43
Q

accessory pigments used by plants?

A

chlorophyll b, carotenoids

44
Q

what is the reflected wavelength?

A

perceived color

45
Q

where is the densest concentration of pigments?

A

in the thylakoid membranes

46
Q

where is the densest concentration of chloroplasts?

A

in leaves

47
Q

where is light absorbed?

A

at photosystems in thylakoid membranes

48
Q

what are the two parts of the photosystems and what do they do?

A

antenna complex: chlorophylls that absorb light

reaction center: specialized chlorophyll that excepts energized e- (shipped to ETC)

49
Q

what transports the excited e- from the reaction center to the ETC?

A

e- acceptor molecules

50
Q

where do spent electrons go t be re-charged?

A

PS1

51
Q

calvin cycle inputs?

A

C02
ATP
NADH

52
Q

calvin cycle outputs?

A

G3P

53
Q

how much CO2 is required to build 1 glucose?

A

6CO2–>2G3P–>1 Glucose

54
Q

3 things you can do with glucose after Calvin Cycle?

A

store (starch)
cellulose (structure)
cellular respiration

55
Q

where does the calvin cycle take place?

A

stroma

Honors Biology 1 (22 decks)

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