Ms40-48 Flashcards
what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
energy must be invested into a system to maintain order
what do we call usable form of energy?
energy carriers
what are PS & CR?
reverse metabolic processes
what is basal metabolic rate/how is it measured? (BMR)
energy required to sustain organ functions, measured by CO2 released in an hour
what percentage of energy is used for BMR?
70%. 20% of that for brain and 27% for liver.
how is energy stored in energy carriers?
chemical bonds or high energy electrons.
who uses PS?
plants, protists, cyanobacteria
energy carriers in CR?
ATP
NADH
FADH
energy carriers in PS?
ATP
NADPH
what does it mean to be complementary metabolic pathways?
the products of one are the reactants of the other
where does CR take place?
in the cytosol and mitochondrion
overall input to overall output of CR?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —>
6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
where does PS occur?
in the chloroplast
overall input to overall output of PS?
6H20 + 6CO2 + light energy —>
C6H12O6 + 602
stages of PS and places?
light reactions (thylakoid) calvin cycle (stroma)
does CR w/ or w/o O2 produce more energy? who uses that?
with 02, big cells w/ low SA/V ratio
stages of CR and places?
glycolysis (cytoplasm) krebs cycle (mitochondrion) oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrion)
what is obligate anaerobic CR?
no oxygen is used because it is toxic
what is obligate aerobic CR?
must use oxygen
what is facultative anaerobic CR?
anaerobic but if oxygen is present they can use it
inputs of glycolysis?
1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2NAD+
outputs of glycolysis?
2 net ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2NADH
inputs of fermentation?
1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
outputs of fermentation?
2 lactic acid OR ethanol, 1CO2(alcoholic), 2NAD+
who uses fermentation?
yeast
prokaryotes
muscle tissue
preparatory phase for krebs cycle location?
mito. matrix
preparatory phase inputs?
1 pyruvate, 1NAD+
preparatory phase outputs?
1CO2, 1NADH, 1 acetyl CoA
krebs cycle inputs?
1 acetyl CoA
krebs cycle outputs?
2CO2, 1ATP, 1FADH, 3 NADH (double for one glucose)
study drawing …
input/output table, stages
ETC inputs?
O2, NADH, FADH, ADP+P
ETC outputs?
H20, ATP
how is light absorbed?
through pigments
what is the energy of light used to do? What does this do?
to split H20 into 2H+, 1/2O2, 2e-
sets up H+ gradient
where is there a high concentration of H+? low?
high in thylakoid space (lumen)
low in stroma
where are the e- from the pigments used and how are they effected?
they are used in the ETC and are “excited” from sunlight absorption
pigments absorb what?
different wavelengths
which commonly used wavelength is shortwave?
violet
which commonly used wavelength is longwave?
red
which wavelengths have more energy? less?
shortwave has more
longwave has less
what is the main pigment used by plants?
chlorophyll a
accessory pigments used by plants?
chlorophyll b, carotenoids
what is the reflected wavelength?
perceived color
where is the densest concentration of pigments?
in the thylakoid membranes
where is the densest concentration of chloroplasts?
in leaves
where is light absorbed?
at photosystems in thylakoid membranes
what are the two parts of the photosystems and what do they do?
antenna complex: chlorophylls that absorb light
reaction center: specialized chlorophyll that excepts energized e- (shipped to ETC)
what transports the excited e- from the reaction center to the ETC?
e- acceptor molecules
where do spent electrons go t be re-charged?
PS1
calvin cycle inputs?
C02
ATP
NADH
calvin cycle outputs?
G3P
how much CO2 is required to build 1 glucose?
6CO2–>2G3P–>1 Glucose
3 things you can do with glucose after Calvin Cycle?
store (starch)
cellulose (structure)
cellular respiration
where does the calvin cycle take place?
stroma
