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Honors Biology 1 > Macromolecules Unit Test Ms 27-31 + enzyme lab > Flashcards

Macromolecules Unit Test Ms 27-31 + enzyme lab Flashcards

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1
Q

what is organic matter?

A

carbon-containing matter that builds life

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2
Q

what is an allotrope?

A

a substance made of only 1 element

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3
Q

how many bonds can carbon form? Significance?

A

it can form 4 bonds making it an excellent backbone element (four available electrons for bonding)

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4
Q

Why is carbon so critical to life?

A

it is the backbone element for all macromolecules

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5
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

molecules made of only hydrogen and carbon; have distinct aroma

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6
Q

where are hydrocarbons found & significance?

A

found in crude oil and natural gas meaning they must store and release energy

also found in lipids as part of their structure as long hydrocarbon tails

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7
Q

where is the majority of carbon found?

A

majority in biomass

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8
Q

what four organic macromolecules contribute to life?

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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9
Q

how are macromolecules built?

A 
built through Dehydration Synthesis (loss of water to form bond)
Carbohydrates= monosaccharide
Lipids= fatty acids
Protein= amino acids
Nucleic Acids= nucleotides
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10
Q

how are macromolecules broken down and why?

A

broken down through Hydrolysis (adds water to break bond)

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11
Q

what is a polymer?

A

macromolecules;made up of same-kind monomers

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12
Q

what is a monomer?

A

a molecule able to bond in long chains, such as an amino acid

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13
Q

what is a protein?

A

a macromolecule that includes 1 or more chains of amino acids

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14
Q

how is the function of a protein determined?

A

the amino acid chains are folded, and depending on that fold, it confers a specific function

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15
Q

how many amino acids are there and how many are usually in proteins?

A

there are 20 amino acids and 400-500 in one protein, making proteins very diverse

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16
Q

what differentiates one amino acid from another?

A

the R group(side group). This is because each amino acid has a unique R group giving them different chemical properties (also why there are 20 kinds of amino acids)

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17
Q

how is a protein made?

A

amino acids attract at opposite sides with the H bonding with the OH, called dehydration synthesis(ribosomes link amino acids)

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18
Q

what type of bonds are formed when building an amino acid chain?

A

peptide bonds form a linked chain of amino acids (called a polypeptide chain)

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19
Q

where are the building instructions for a protein found?

A

in DNA

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20
Q

what must occur for a protein to be functional?

A

the protein must be folded

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21
Q

what dictates the folding?

A

the interactions between different R groups (different amino acids have different R groups)

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22
Q

what happens when a protein folds?

A

it charges the R groups; either non-polar(hydrophobic) or polar(hydrophilic)

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23
Q

where are differently charged R groups found?

A

Hydrophobic on inside(away from water) and Hydrophilic on outside of protein (near water)

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24
Q

What causes protein unfolding? What is that process called?

A

Proteins have an optimal range of heat, pH, and salinity. If outside this optimal range proteins unfold (denature). This is called protein denaturation.

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25
Q

what is a chain of amino acids called?

A

polypeptide chain

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26
Q

what are the 2 general categories of of enzymes?

A

Catabolic (break bonds)

Anabolic (builds bonds)

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27
Q

what are 2 examples of enzymes and their functions?

A

Maltase(maltose–>glucose)
maltose is substrate glucose is product
Lactase(Lactose—>sugars)

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28
Q

what is a Substrate and an Active Site?

A

a Substrate is what an enzyme is reacting with

an Active Site is where that reaction happens

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29
Q

What is the Lock and Key Hypothesis?

practice it

A

hypothesis that says an active site accepts only only specific types of substrates.
The Lock=active site on enzyme
The Key=substrate

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30
Q

What is the Induced Fit Hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that says the binding of the substrate to an enzyme molecule induces a modified state of the active site to make them fit better(process called conformational change)

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31
Q

what is Conformation Change?

A

a process that allows the enzyme and substrate to change in order for them to fit better

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32
Q

what is Activation Energy?

A

the amount of energy used to start the reaction of the compound being broken down OR built

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33
Q

when is Activation Energy less energy consuming vs. more?

A

activation energy is less energy consuming with an enzyme and more without an enzyme

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34
Q

what is Enzyme Catalysis?

A

enzymes speeding up reactions

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35
Q

what is a lipid?

A

hydrophobic macromolecules made of fatty acids(build fat) or built of hydrocarbon rings(build sterols)

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36
Q

what are Fatty Acids?

A

hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxyl group on end (O=C-OH)

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37
Q

what are Saturated Fatty Acids and their properties?

study writing their form

A

All carbon to carbon single bonds with the max # of H bonded to C.
Have a straight shape(tight packing of molecules).
This shape results in SFA’s being Solid at room temp.

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38
Q

what are Unsaturated Fatty Acids and their properties?(study writing their form)

A

Has a double bond between two carbons resulting in a kink in the chain
Kink in chain results in the FA being bent causing them to not stack well resulting in them being Liquid at room temp.

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39
Q

what are Hydrogenated Oils?

A

UFA’s synthetically converted to be saturated by adding H

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40
Q

why were Hydrogenated Oils invented?

A

To avoid oil separation (in things such as natural PB/= hydrogenated fats)
And to have a longer shelf life

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41
Q

what are Trans Fats and why are the unhealthy?

A

a type of hydrogenated fat(SFA) that contributes to cardiovascular disease and has an increased level of harmful cholesterol

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42
Q

what are Triglycerides? Wherever they found? How is the energy stored? What are the functions of it? What about calorie content?

A

A natural fat used for storage in animals.
High concentration in fat tissues(adipose tissues)
The energy is stored in a single Carbon to Hydrogen bond that stores 3x the energy of carbs.
Stores energy, insulates, cushions tissues/organs.
High energy levels= high calorie content

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43
Q

What are Phospholipids?

study and practice charts

A

mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

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44
Q

what do Phospholipids do?

A

make up a large part of the Cell Membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

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45
Q

what charge is the phosphate head?

A

hydrophilic

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46
Q

what charge is the fatty acids (tails)?

A

hydrophobic

47
Q

what is a Phospholipid called/meaning?

A

amphipathic molecule, meaning it has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

48
Q

what are Sterols?

A

a diverse lipid that is non-fat (made of hydrocarbon rings)

49
Q

what are Hormones?

A

long distance chemical signaling from one tissue/organ to another

50
Q

There is a Lipid Crash Course …

A

on PP

51
Q

what are carbohydrates made of?

A

monosaccharides

52
Q

what are the two simple carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

53
Q

what is the one complex carbohydrate?

A

polysaccharides

54
Q

what is starch?

A

a polysaccharide moderately branched chain of glucose that stores energy in plants(roots)

55
Q

a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

A

amphipathic

56
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

amphipathic part of cell membrane in phospholipid bilayer

57
Q

what is the name for protein unfolding?

A

denaturation

58
Q

what are chains of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds?

A

polypeptide chains

59
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

60
Q

what are the DNA bases?

A

adenine, thymine, cytosin, guanine

61
Q

what are the purine bases?

A

adenine, guanine

62
Q

what are the pyrimidine bases?

A

cytosin, thymine, uracil

63
Q

what are the RNA bases?

A

adenine, guanine, cytosin, uracil

64
Q

something that does not contain carbon is what?

A

nonorganic

65
Q

something that does contain carbon is called what?

A

organic

66
Q

the minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur is called what?

A

activation energy

67
Q

enzymes are what kind of macromolecule?

A

a protein

68
Q

this carbohydrate is found in the liver and stores energy

A

glycogen

69
Q

This carbohydrate is made of glucosamine and not glucose

A

chitin (found in animals)

70
Q

the monosaccharide that is the reactant of cellular respiration

A

glucose

71
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

an organic macromolecule made of nucleotides

72
Q

what is the process of information to make proteins?

A

DNA–>RNA–>Protein

73
Q

what kind of nucleic acid stores genetic info?

A

DNA

74
Q

what kind of nucleic acid carries DNA’s message outside of the nucleus

A

mRNA

75
Q

what kind of nucleic acid is the energy carrier?

A

ATP

76
Q

what contains the structural components of a ribosome?

A

rRNA

77
Q

what kind of nucleic acid aids with the translation of mRNA into a protein?

A

tRNA

78
Q

what nucleic acid can not leave the nucleus?

A

DNA

79
Q

in what form does DNA store genetic info?

A

chromosomes

80
Q

what does the structure of a nucleotide always have?

A

a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleotide base

81
Q

what are the complementary base pairs ?

A

AT, CG, AU

82
Q

what kind of backbone does a spiral ring have(as the S’s)?

A

a sugar-phosphate backbone

83
Q

what are the rungs in a spiral ring?

A

a complementary base pair

84
Q

what is the 5 carbon sugar in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

85
Q

what is the 5 carbon sugar in RNA?

A

ribose

86
Q

practice making structure of a nucleotide

A

on paper

87
Q

what is the reasoning behind the name “nucleic acid”?

A

the P(phosphate) groups are more acidic than the bases are basic causing nucleic acids to be a slightly acidic molecule

88
Q

what are the pure bases and how many rings do they have?

A

adenine and guanine

2 rings

89
Q

what are the pyrimidine bases and how many rings do they have?

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine(C-U-T)

one ring

90
Q

what pairs with what in complementary base pairing as far as bases?

A

a purine with a pyrimidine

91
Q

the two complementary base pairing in DNA are what?

A

AT

CG

92
Q

the two complementary base pairing in RNA are what?

A

CG

AU

93
Q

what are the kind of bonds in complementary base pairing?

A

H bonds

94
Q

what is the specialized nucleotide that acts as an energy carrier and does not make nucleic acid?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

95
Q

which of the 3 P bonds in ATP holds the most energy?

A

the last P-P bond holds the most energy

96
Q

what happens when a P bond is broken?

A

releases energy

97
Q

what happens when a P bond is formed?

A

stores energy

98
Q

what are the base pairs for DNA (write out)

A T C G A A A T T T C G A T G G C

A

T A G C T T T A A A G C T A C C G

99
Q

what is least energy consuming double helix to unzip?

A

one that starts with a AT complementary bond

100
Q

what are the base pairs for RNA(write out)

A T C G A A A T T T C G A T G G C

A

U A G C U U U A A A G C U A C C G

101
Q

RNA has which nucleotide bases?

A

AUCG

102
Q

DNA has which nucleotide bases?

A

ATCG

103
Q

how many strands does RNA have?

A

single-stranded

104
Q

how many strands does DNA have?

A

double-stranded

105
Q

what does ATP consist of?

A

3 Phosphate groups, Ribose, and Adenine

106
Q

Starch?

A

storage carbohydrate in plants

107
Q

Cellulose?

A

structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls

108
Q

Chitin?

A

structural carbohydrate in fungi and organisms with an exoskeleton

109
Q

Glycogen?

A

storage carbohydrate in animals

110
Q

what are fat tissues called?

A

adipose tissues

111
Q

what enzyme is present in most of your cells? What does that enzyme promote the decomposition of?

A 
peroxidase
hydrogen peroxide(substrate)
112
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not consumed in the reaction

113
Q

when was the enzyme more productive?

A

when the liver was raw and was in water

Honors Biology 1 (22 decks)

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