Macromolecules Unit Test Ms 27-31 + enzyme lab Flashcards
what is organic matter?
carbon-containing matter that builds life
what is an allotrope?
a substance made of only 1 element
how many bonds can carbon form? Significance?
it can form 4 bonds making it an excellent backbone element (four available electrons for bonding)
Why is carbon so critical to life?
it is the backbone element for all macromolecules
what are hydrocarbons?
molecules made of only hydrogen and carbon; have distinct aroma
where are hydrocarbons found & significance?
found in crude oil and natural gas meaning they must store and release energy
also found in lipids as part of their structure as long hydrocarbon tails
where is the majority of carbon found?
majority in biomass
what four organic macromolecules contribute to life?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
how are macromolecules built?
built through Dehydration Synthesis (loss of water to form bond) Carbohydrates= monosaccharide Lipids= fatty acids Protein= amino acids Nucleic Acids= nucleotides
how are macromolecules broken down and why?
broken down through Hydrolysis (adds water to break bond)
what is a polymer?
macromolecules;made up of same-kind monomers
what is a monomer?
a molecule able to bond in long chains, such as an amino acid
what is a protein?
a macromolecule that includes 1 or more chains of amino acids
how is the function of a protein determined?
the amino acid chains are folded, and depending on that fold, it confers a specific function
how many amino acids are there and how many are usually in proteins?
there are 20 amino acids and 400-500 in one protein, making proteins very diverse
what differentiates one amino acid from another?
the R group(side group). This is because each amino acid has a unique R group giving them different chemical properties (also why there are 20 kinds of amino acids)
how is a protein made?
amino acids attract at opposite sides with the H bonding with the OH, called dehydration synthesis(ribosomes link amino acids)
what type of bonds are formed when building an amino acid chain?
peptide bonds form a linked chain of amino acids (called a polypeptide chain)
where are the building instructions for a protein found?
in DNA
what must occur for a protein to be functional?
the protein must be folded
what dictates the folding?
the interactions between different R groups (different amino acids have different R groups)
what happens when a protein folds?
it charges the R groups; either non-polar(hydrophobic) or polar(hydrophilic)
where are differently charged R groups found?
Hydrophobic on inside(away from water) and Hydrophilic on outside of protein (near water)
What causes protein unfolding? What is that process called?
Proteins have an optimal range of heat, pH, and salinity. If outside this optimal range proteins unfold (denature). This is called protein denaturation.
what is a chain of amino acids called?
polypeptide chain
what are the 2 general categories of of enzymes?
Catabolic (break bonds)
Anabolic (builds bonds)
what are 2 examples of enzymes and their functions?
Maltase(maltose–>glucose)
maltose is substrate glucose is product
Lactase(Lactose—>sugars)
what is a Substrate and an Active Site?
a Substrate is what an enzyme is reacting with
an Active Site is where that reaction happens
What is the Lock and Key Hypothesis?
practice it
hypothesis that says an active site accepts only only specific types of substrates.
The Lock=active site on enzyme
The Key=substrate
What is the Induced Fit Hypothesis?
A hypothesis that says the binding of the substrate to an enzyme molecule induces a modified state of the active site to make them fit better(process called conformational change)
what is Conformation Change?
a process that allows the enzyme and substrate to change in order for them to fit better
what is Activation Energy?
the amount of energy used to start the reaction of the compound being broken down OR built
when is Activation Energy less energy consuming vs. more?
activation energy is less energy consuming with an enzyme and more without an enzyme
what is Enzyme Catalysis?
enzymes speeding up reactions
what is a lipid?
hydrophobic macromolecules made of fatty acids(build fat) or built of hydrocarbon rings(build sterols)
what are Fatty Acids?
hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxyl group on end (O=C-OH)
what are Saturated Fatty Acids and their properties?
study writing their form
All carbon to carbon single bonds with the max # of H bonded to C.
Have a straight shape(tight packing of molecules).
This shape results in SFA’s being Solid at room temp.
what are Unsaturated Fatty Acids and their properties?(study writing their form)
Has a double bond between two carbons resulting in a kink in the chain
Kink in chain results in the FA being bent causing them to not stack well resulting in them being Liquid at room temp.
what are Hydrogenated Oils?
UFA’s synthetically converted to be saturated by adding H
why were Hydrogenated Oils invented?
To avoid oil separation (in things such as natural PB/= hydrogenated fats)
And to have a longer shelf life
what are Trans Fats and why are the unhealthy?
a type of hydrogenated fat(SFA) that contributes to cardiovascular disease and has an increased level of harmful cholesterol
what are Triglycerides? Wherever they found? How is the energy stored? What are the functions of it? What about calorie content?
A natural fat used for storage in animals.
High concentration in fat tissues(adipose tissues)
The energy is stored in a single Carbon to Hydrogen bond that stores 3x the energy of carbs.
Stores energy, insulates, cushions tissues/organs.
High energy levels= high calorie content
What are Phospholipids?
study and practice charts
mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
what do Phospholipids do?
make up a large part of the Cell Membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
what charge is the phosphate head?
hydrophilic
what charge is the fatty acids (tails)?
hydrophobic
what is a Phospholipid called/meaning?
amphipathic molecule, meaning it has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
what are Sterols?
a diverse lipid that is non-fat (made of hydrocarbon rings)
what are Hormones?
long distance chemical signaling from one tissue/organ to another
There is a Lipid Crash Course …
on PP
what are carbohydrates made of?
monosaccharides
what are the two simple carbohydrates?
monosaccharides and disaccharides
what is the one complex carbohydrate?
polysaccharides
what is starch?
a polysaccharide moderately branched chain of glucose that stores energy in plants(roots)
a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
amphipathic
what are phospholipids?
amphipathic part of cell membrane in phospholipid bilayer
what is the name for protein unfolding?
denaturation
what are chains of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds?
polypeptide chains
what are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
what are the DNA bases?
adenine, thymine, cytosin, guanine
what are the purine bases?
adenine, guanine
what are the pyrimidine bases?
cytosin, thymine, uracil
what are the RNA bases?
adenine, guanine, cytosin, uracil
something that does not contain carbon is what?
nonorganic
something that does contain carbon is called what?
organic
the minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur is called what?
activation energy
enzymes are what kind of macromolecule?
a protein
this carbohydrate is found in the liver and stores energy
glycogen
This carbohydrate is made of glucosamine and not glucose
chitin (found in animals)
the monosaccharide that is the reactant of cellular respiration
glucose
what are nucleic acids?
an organic macromolecule made of nucleotides
what is the process of information to make proteins?
DNA–>RNA–>Protein
what kind of nucleic acid stores genetic info?
DNA
what kind of nucleic acid carries DNA’s message outside of the nucleus
mRNA
what kind of nucleic acid is the energy carrier?
ATP
what contains the structural components of a ribosome?
rRNA
what kind of nucleic acid aids with the translation of mRNA into a protein?
tRNA
what nucleic acid can not leave the nucleus?
DNA
in what form does DNA store genetic info?
chromosomes
what does the structure of a nucleotide always have?
a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleotide base
what are the complementary base pairs ?
AT, CG, AU
what kind of backbone does a spiral ring have(as the S’s)?
a sugar-phosphate backbone
what are the rungs in a spiral ring?
a complementary base pair
what is the 5 carbon sugar in DNA?
deoxyribose
what is the 5 carbon sugar in RNA?
ribose
practice making structure of a nucleotide
on paper
what is the reasoning behind the name “nucleic acid”?
the P(phosphate) groups are more acidic than the bases are basic causing nucleic acids to be a slightly acidic molecule
what are the pure bases and how many rings do they have?
adenine and guanine
2 rings
what are the pyrimidine bases and how many rings do they have?
cytosine, uracil, thymine(C-U-T)
one ring
what pairs with what in complementary base pairing as far as bases?
a purine with a pyrimidine
the two complementary base pairing in DNA are what?
AT
CG
the two complementary base pairing in RNA are what?
CG
AU
what are the kind of bonds in complementary base pairing?
H bonds
what is the specialized nucleotide that acts as an energy carrier and does not make nucleic acid?
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
which of the 3 P bonds in ATP holds the most energy?
the last P-P bond holds the most energy
what happens when a P bond is broken?
releases energy
what happens when a P bond is formed?
stores energy
what are the base pairs for DNA (write out)
A T C G A A A T T T C G A T G G C
T A G C T T T A A A G C T A C C G
what is least energy consuming double helix to unzip?
one that starts with a AT complementary bond
what are the base pairs for RNA(write out)
A T C G A A A T T T C G A T G G C
U A G C U U U A A A G C U A C C G
RNA has which nucleotide bases?
AUCG
DNA has which nucleotide bases?
ATCG
how many strands does RNA have?
single-stranded
how many strands does DNA have?
double-stranded
what does ATP consist of?
3 Phosphate groups, Ribose, and Adenine
Starch?
storage carbohydrate in plants
Cellulose?
structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls
Chitin?
structural carbohydrate in fungi and organisms with an exoskeleton
Glycogen?
storage carbohydrate in animals
what are fat tissues called?
adipose tissues
what enzyme is present in most of your cells? What does that enzyme promote the decomposition of?
peroxidase hydrogen peroxide(substrate)
what is a catalyst?
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not consumed in the reaction
when was the enzyme more productive?
when the liver was raw and was in water
