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Honors Biology 1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is energy?

A

the capacity of a physical system to do work

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2
Q

what is work?

A

the ability to bring about change in a system

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3
Q

what does the 2nd law of thermodynamics state?

A

the natural tendency of the universe is to become less organized; energy must be invested to counter this

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4
Q

what is the universal energy carrier and what are the others/ how do they store energy?

A

ATP; P-P bonds

NADH/FADH/NADPH; e- bonds

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5
Q

how is ATP generated with O2?

A

cellular respiration

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6
Q

how is ATP generated without O2?

A

fermentation by breaking down pyruvate

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7
Q

two kinds of Fermentation and who uses it?

A

lactic acid fermentation; human body

alcoholic fermentation; yeast

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8
Q

what does alcoholic fermentation produce?

A

ATP
Ethanol
CO2

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9
Q

what does lactic acid fermentation produce?

A

ATP

Lactic Acid

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10
Q

what do yeast use for alcoholic fermentation?

A

glucose or fructose

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11
Q

aerobic cellular respiration equation?

A

6O2+C6H12O2–> 6O2+6H2O+38 ATP

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12
Q

where does aerobic cellular respiration take place and what are the stages?

A

mitochondrion;

glycolysis,
Krebs cycle,
oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

where does Glycolysis occur and what does it breakdown and produce?

A

cytosol;

breaking glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules,
generates a small amount of ATP

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14
Q

where does the Krebs Cycle occur and what does it breakdown and produce?

A

mitochondrial matrix;

breaks down 2 pyruvate to make CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH

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15
Q

where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur and what does it breakdown and produce?

A

cristae;

energy from the e- in FADH and NADH is used to power a H+ pump that sets up a H+ gradient; when H+ flow down their gradient through ATPase, ATP is produced; O2 is consumed during this step and so it is considered aerobic

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16
Q

what are the main products of Photosynthesis and where does it occur?

A

glucose and O2;

chloroplast

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17
Q

Photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO2+6H2O+sunlight–> C6H12O6+6O2

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18
Q

what are the 2 stages of Photosynthesis?

A

light reactions,

Calvin cycle

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19
Q

where do the light reactions occur and what happens?

A

thylakoid membrane;

chlorophyll absorbs light energy, splitting H2O; this forms H+, O2 and electrons that get energized by the sunlight and go down the electron transport chain (ETC) to power H+ that set up a H+ gradient; NADPH and ATP are produced

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20
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur and what happens?

A

stroma;

uses the ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions to fix inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic carbon (C6H12O6—glucose) by producing G3P

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21
Q

what kind of asexual reproduction do bacteria use and what happens?

A

binary fission;

cell copies DNA and splits in half

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22
Q

what are the three phases of the cell cycle?

A

interphase,
mitosis,
cytokinesis

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23
Q

what happens in interphase?

A

the cell grows and the DNA is copied in S phase

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24
Q

what happens in mitosis?

A

nuclear division

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25
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A

splitting of the cytoplasm resulting in 2 daughter cells

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26
Q

what are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase,
Telophase

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27
Q

what happens in Prophase?

A

chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes migrate to opposite poles and form the spindle apparatus

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28
Q

what happens in Metaphase?

A

condensed, replicated chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

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29
Q

what happens in Anaphase?

A

sister chromatids (genetically identical) are separated as the spindle fibers shorten

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30
Q

what happens in Telophase?

A

2 new nuclear envelopes form, the chromosomes decondense and the spindle apparatus breaks down

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31
Q

How does a benign tumor becomes malignant?

A

loss of cell adhesion, angiogenesis and loss of anchorage dependence

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32
Q

what is Meiosis?

A

nuclear division producing gametes

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33
Q

what are the three stages of Meiosis 1 and what happens?

A

Anaphase
(separates homologous chromosomes)
Prophase
(homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads and cross-over, swapping alleles to generate new allele combinations)
Metaphase
(the tetrads line up randomly along the metaphase plate; this is called independent assortment)

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34
Q

what happens in Meiosis 2?

A

the haploid cells formed in meiosis I are divided again; in this division the recombinant sister chromatids are separated; the result is a total of 4 genetically diverse haploid cells (gametes)

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35
Q

how many chromosomes are in somatic and gametic human cells?

A

46(diploid)

23 (haploid)

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36
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

a strand of DNA wrapped in histone proteins

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37
Q

who studies complete dominance pea plants?

A

Mendel

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38
Q

genotype has 2 of the same allele?

A

homozygous

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39
Q

genotype has 2 different alleles?

A

heterozygous

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40
Q

traits controlled by many genes?

A

polygenic

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41
Q

traits controlled by one gene?

A

monogenic

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42
Q

variation in inheritance that is blended?

A

incomplete dominance

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43
Q

variation in inheritance that has 2 distinctive phenotypes?

A

co-dominance

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44
Q

variation in inheritance that is pressured by environment?

A

environmental effects

45
Q

when does mother-fetus Rh incompatibility occur?

A

mother is dd and the fetus is Dd

46
Q

how to find the chance of different events happening together?

A

multiply separate probabilities against each other

47
Q

monohybrid cross phenotypic ratio?

A

3:1 dominate to recessive

48
Q

dihybrid cross phenotypic ratio?

A

9:3:3:1

49
Q

dihybrid cross led to?

A

law of independent assortment

50
Q

monohybrid cross led to?

A

the law of segregation

51
Q

what is genetic linkage?

A

genes are located close together on a chromosome and do not get separated from one another

52
Q

what causes genetic diseases?

A

duplication,
deletion,
translocation,
inversion

53
Q

what are X-linked diseases/ who is more susceptible?

A

caused by genes located on the X chromosome;

males

54
Q

what are the purine bases?

A

A &G (single ring)

55
Q

what are the pyrimidine bases?

A

T & C (double ring)

56
Q

what are DNA base pairs?

A

C-G

A-T

57
Q

what are the RNA base pairs

A

C-G

A-U

58
Q

what enzymes are used in DNA replication?

A

helicase

DNA Polymerase

59
Q

Central Dogma of Gene Expression?

A

Gene –> (transcripted) mRNA –>(translation) protein

60
Q

how does RNA Pol. work?

A

transcribe the gene’s DNA template strand in order to make an RNA copy of the DNA coding strand

61
Q

what happens before mRNA can leave the nucleus for translation?

A

it is edited via RNA splicing, cutting out the introns and leaving the exons

62
Q

What scans what for the Start Codon and what is it?

A

The ribosome scans mRNA for the Start Codon AUG which established the correct reading frame

63
Q

what two things are the genetic code?

A

universal

unambiguous

64
Q

how many codons are in the genetic code vs. proteins? What does this mean?

A

64:20

Redundant

65
Q

what are the Stop Codons?

A

UAG
UAA
UGA

66
Q

what is it called when a one DNA base is substituted for another, and what can happen?

A

called Substitutions, it can result in Silent, Missense (changes amino acid), or nonsense (changes amino acid to stop codon) mutations

67
Q

what is it called when the Reading Frame is shifted and what causes this?

A

called Frameshift, it is caused by insertions or deletions

68
Q

small circular piece of DNA?

A

Plasmid

69
Q

what is Recombinant DNA?

A

combining DNA from multiple species

70
Q

what is Bacterial Transformation?

A

when bacteria take up DNA, such as plasmids, from their surroundings

71
Q

what is pGLO and what 3 genes does it contain and what do they do?

A

pGLO is a plasmid containing:
GFP (glow)
araC (turns off GFP w/ o Arabinose)
Amp^r (ampicillin resistant)

72
Q

what 4 mechanisms lead to change in Gene Pool?

A

gene flow
genetic drift
mutation
natural selection

73
Q

what are the 3 types of Natural Selection?

A

directional
stabilizing
disruptive

74
Q

analogous structures arise as the result of ___ due to similar selective pressures

A

Convergent Evolution

75
Q

fossil record, transitional fossils, comparative embryonic development, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, artificial selection.
Are ALL examples of what?

A

Evidence for evolution

76
Q

arise as the result of shared common ancestors with variable selective pressures

A

homologous structures

77
Q

structures that have lost their original function once used in ancestral species

A

vestigial structures

78
Q

STUDY HARDY-WEINBERG

A

STUDY HARDY-WEINBERG

79
Q

a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

A

Species

80
Q

three kinds of evolution?

A

divergent
convergent
coevolution

81
Q

what isolates one species from the next and what 2 kinds are there?

A

Reproductive barriers;

prezygotic or post-zygotic

82
Q

when did primates evolve?

A

35 mya

83
Q

difference between hominids and hominins?

A 
hominids = Great Apes
hominids = Humans
84
Q

why did life most likely begin in the ocean?

A

hot atmosphere
harsh UV rays
hydrothermal vents made primordial soup

85
Q

what did the Miller-Urey experiment show?

A

hydrothermal vents could make organic molecules

86
Q

when did Earth form?

A

4.6 bya

87
Q

when was the first life/ who was it?

A

3.8 bya;

Archaeans

88
Q

when were the first eukaryotes?

A

2.2 bya

89
Q

when was the first multicellular life?

A

2.1 bya

90
Q

who is responsible for greater oxygen levels/ how?

A

cyanobacteria;

photosynthesis

91
Q

are viruses living?

A

no

92
Q

what kind of immunity do vaccines give?

A

acquired immunity through antibodies

93
Q

why does HIV have no vaccine?

A

mutates rapidly

kills helper T cells

94
Q

how does HIV infect helper T cells?

A

uses Reverse Transcriptase and integrase to make DNA by splicing in its viral RNA

95
Q

kingdom of misfits classified by what they are not?

A

Kingdom Protista

96
Q

kingdom of absorptive heterotrophs?

A

Kingdom Fungi

97
Q

kingdom including angiosperms?

A

kingdom Plantae

98
Q

what evolutionary evolutions allowed plants to move on to land?

A

vascular system

cuticle

99
Q

what does xylem do?

A

transports water/ minerals from roots to shoots

100
Q

what does phloem do?

A

transports sugar from leaves to the rest of the plant

101
Q

plants lacking vascular system?

A

bryophytes

102
Q

first vascular plants?

A

pteridophytes

103
Q

first plant to have pollen and seeds?

A

gymnosperms

104
Q

first plants to have flowers and fruit?

A

angiosperms

105
Q

what is a seed/ ploidy?

A

double-fertilized ovule;

embryo (2n) and endosperm (3n)

106
Q

what is the protein of life?

A

collagen

107
Q

what are animals?

A

multicellular
ingestive heterotrophs
sexual reproduction

108
Q

development to first animal?

A

choanoflagellates –> choanocytes –> sponge

Honors Biology 1 (22 decks)

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