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Honors Biology 1 > Honors Bio Mid Term Assessment > Flashcards

Honors Bio Mid Term Assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

7 characteristics of life?

A 
respire 
1 or more cells
reproduce
maintain homeostasis
use energy
respond to stimuli
grow and develop
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2
Q

ecology?

A

study of ecosystems

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3
Q

abiotic vs. biotic?

A 
abiotic= not living
biotic= living
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4
Q

biological hierarchy?

A 
atoms
molecules
dihydrogen monoxide 
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissue
organs
organ systems
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biome 
biosphere
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5
Q

Linnaen Classification?

A 
Domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family 
genus
species
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6
Q

scientific names formed how?

A

Genus species (italicized)

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7
Q

3 domains of life?

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

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8
Q

6 kingdoms of life?

A 
archaea
Bacteria 
animalia
protista
fungi
plantae
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9
Q

types of symbiosis?

A

mutualism
commensalism
exploitation/parasitism
competition

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10
Q

trophic levels?

A

autotroph/producers
heterotrophs/ consumers
decomposers

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11
Q

energy flow vs. nutrient cycling

A

nutrients cycle through an ecosystem (stays same)
as
energy flows through one (gradually lost)

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12
Q

10% rule of energy?

A

roughly about 10% is transferred and stored in the next trophic level

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13
Q

net primary productivity?

A

NPP= GPP - R

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14
Q

chemosynthesis vs. photosynthesis?

A

chemo uses minerals and nutrients from earth

photo uses sunlight

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15
Q

what are the aquatic biomes?

A

freshwater:
lakes(temperate/tropical)
rivers
wetlands(marsh/swamp/bog)

saltwater:
estuaries
mangrove swamps
sea grasses

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16
Q

abyssal/ hadal zones?

A

Abyssal= thermal vents, aphotic, cold, marine snow, high biodiversity

Hadal= less explored than moon

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17
Q

marine snow?

A

particles of biomass from surface to bottom

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18
Q

carrying capacity?

A

the most amount of organisms an ecosystem can sustainably support

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19
Q

density dependent vs. independent?

A

density dependent= factor rellying on density

independent: factor not rellying on density

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20
Q

exponential vs. logistic growth?

A

exponential= leaps and bounds

logistic= slow ascent

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21
Q

global warming?

A 
leads to: 
sea level rise
higher primary production
higher temperatures
ocean acidification
frequency/intensity storms
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22
Q

greenhouse effect?

A

radiation enters shortwave

earths surface absorbs heat

heat get trapped

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23
Q

factors for productivity in terrestrial biomes?

A

precipitation and temperature

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24
Q

factors for productivity in aquatic biomes?

A

water depth and proximity to land

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25
Q

tundra?

A

permafrost

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26
Q

deserts?

A

lack of moisture/ extreme temperature

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27
Q

boreal forest?

A

largest terrestrial biome
winter= 1/2 year
thin soil

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28
Q

temperature deciduous forest?

A

deciduous trees an conifers

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29
Q

grassland?

A

naturally occur on all land masses except antarctica

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30
Q

chaparral?

A

dense shrubbery

wildfires

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31
Q

tropical forest?

A

co2 sink

fast decomposition

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32
Q

marsh?

A

salt resilient plants

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33
Q

swamp?

A

low oxygen

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34
Q

estuary?

A

safe place for adolescent organisms

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35
Q

commensalism?

A

+/0

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36
Q

mutualism?

A

+/+

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37
Q

exploitation/ parasitism?

A

+/-

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38
Q

competition?

A

-/-

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39
Q

why are tropical lakes less productive than temperate?

A

no seasonal turnover

hot all the time

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40
Q

eutrophication?

A

overload of nutrients from fertilizer runoff causes over productivity(algal blooms)

algae die and sink to bottom causing decomposition levels to rise depleting oxygen levels and releasing sulfur

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41
Q

decomposers importance?

A

make it possible to re-use nutrients and put them back into the cycle

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42
Q

results of ocean warming?

A

sea levels rise
ice melts
coral bleaching

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43
Q

what causes ocean acidification?

A

carbon absorbed into ocean

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44
Q

lessons from easter island?

A 
deforestation=erosion
decreased precipitation
reduced soil fertility
fewer resources
less biodiversity
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45
Q

scientific method?

A 
question
hypothesis
prediction
experiment
data
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46
Q

hypothesis?

A

well informed
potentially falsifiable
well informed

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47
Q

theory?

A

closest to proof as possible

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48
Q

experiment?

A

manipulation of variables

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49
Q

control group?

A

non-manipulation

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50
Q

experimental group?

A

manipulated

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51
Q

independent vs. dependent variables?

A

independent= non-rellying variable

dependent= rellying variable

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52
Q

confounding variable?

A

variable that can mess with results of an experiment

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53
Q

behaviour?

A

internally coordinated response to stimuli

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54
Q

operant conditioning?

A

trial and error learning

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55
Q

classical conditioning?

A

pairing a specific behavior to an unrelated stimulus

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56
Q

fixed/innate?

A 
fixed= overtime
innate= fixed
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57
Q

fixed action pattern?

A

specific stimulus results in a sequence of behaviors.

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58
Q

learned?

A

response based on experience

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59
Q

habituation?

A

learning that results in a decreased response to stimuli

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60
Q

altruism?

A

sacrificing ones self for the benefit of another

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61
Q

pheremones?

A

secreted chemicals for intraspecific communication

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62
Q

aposematic coloration?

A

interspecific

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63
Q

communication vs. language?

A

interspecific

intraspecific

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64
Q

interspecific?

A

between all species

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65
Q

intraspecific?

A

between same species

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66
Q

matter?

A

has mass and takes up space

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67
Q

elements?

A

a pure substance

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68
Q

atoms?

A

smallest unit of matter

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69
Q

molecules vs. compounds?

A 
molecules= atoms covalently bonded
compounds= atoms chemically bonded
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70
Q

isotope?

A

of neutrons changes, mass changes

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71
Q

ion?

A

an atom that is positively or negatively charged

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72
Q

atomic number?

A

tells us how many protons are in an atom

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73
Q

atomic mass?

A

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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74
Q

octet rule?

A

atoms like to fill their s and p orbitals to achieve noblegas state

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75
Q

orbitals?

A

path that e- follows

76
Q

Hund’s rule?

A

singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied

77
Q

valence electrons?

A

found in orbitals with highest energy level

78
Q

noble gases?

A

elements in the state of least reactivity

79
Q

covalent bonding?

A

non-metal + non-metal

80
Q

ionic bonding?

A

metal + non-metal

81
Q

hydrogen bonding?

A

a positively charged negatively charged attraction

82
Q

mole?

A

a unit to measure amount of a substance

83
Q

Avogadro’s number?

A

number of units in one mole (= 6.022 x 10^23)

84
Q

polar vs. non-polar molecules?

A

polar= electrons shared unevenly causing partial charges

non-polar= electrons shared evenly

85
Q

electronegativity?

A

electron hogging power of an atom

86
Q

surface tension?

A

The attraction of molecules at the surface of a liquid

87
Q

solution transformation?

A

solvent–>solute–> solution

88
Q

adhesion vs. cohesion?

A 
cohesion= H bond to itself
adhesion= whatever surface it is on
89
Q

heat capacity?

A

amount of heat required to raise a substance one degree Celsius

90
Q

colligative properties?

A

amount of solutes dissolved in a H2O alters properties

91
Q

how to determine protons?

A

same as atomic number

92
Q

how to determine electrons?

A

same as protons

93
Q

how to determine neutrons?

A

atomic mass minus atomic number

94
Q

an atom is mostly what?

A

space

95
Q

chemical bonding occurs when what?

A

two different elements complete each others valence shells

96
Q

with lewis dot a covalent bond is_?

A

a line

97
Q

with lewis dot an ionic bond is_?

A

a line with an arrow

98
Q

why is water bent and why is it polar?

A

non-bonding electrons take up a lot of room

it is polar because it has two ends that are oppositely charged

99
Q

how does waters polarity contribute to cohesion/ adhesion?

A

on a polar surface it maximizes surface area contact

on non-polar surface it minimizes surface area contact

100
Q

how does waters polarity contribute to heat capacity?

A

higher because of H bonds

101
Q

how does waters polarity contribute to surface tension?

A

it causes it to have a strong bond to itself creating a great surface tension

102
Q

moles to grams and grams to moles?

A

moles to grams/grams to moles:
grams of substance over moles of substance = mar mass in grams over one mole

g to mol= division of top
mol to g= multiplication of top

103
Q

of valence electrons?

A

column on periodic table

104
Q

organic molecules?

A

carbon containing molecules

105
Q

carbon backbone?

A

has 4 electrons available for bonding

106
Q

hydrocarbons?

A

molecules made of only hydrogen and carbon

107
Q

macromolecule types?

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

108
Q

monomer types?

A

carb= monosaccharides
lipids= fatty acids
proteins= amino acids
nucleic acids= nucleotides

109
Q

what does polymer mean?

A

macromolecule

110
Q

dehydration synthesis?

A

process to make macromolecules

111
Q

hydrolysis?

A

process to break down macromolecules

112
Q

unsaturated fatty acid structure?

A

have a kink from double C bond

113
Q

saturated fatty acid structure?

A

are straight and all single bonded

114
Q

triglycerides?

A

natural fat used for storage in animals found in large concentrations in adipose tissues

115
Q

sterol hormones?

A

a nonfat lipid,

found in large concentration in testes and ovaries

116
Q

how much energy does fat store relative to other macromolecules?

A

3x

117
Q

simple carbs?

A

mono and di

saccharides

118
Q

complex carbs?

A

polysaccharides

119
Q

starch?

A

energy storage in plants

120
Q

cellulose?

A

used in cell wall of plants for structure

121
Q

chitin?

A

used in animals for structure

122
Q

glycogen?

A

storage

123
Q

quick energy release?

A

break last P-P bond

124
Q

R-group?

A

a different one for each amino acid

125
Q

denaturation?

A

process in which the protein unfolds due to heat, acidity, or salinity

126
Q

enzymes?

A

speed up chemical reactions

two kinds catabolic and anabolic

127
Q

active site?

A

place where enzyme interactions occur with substrate

128
Q

substrate?

A

anything enzyme is interacting with

129
Q

structure of a nucleotide?

A

pentagonal 5 carbon sugar with a circular phosphate group and a pentagonal nitrogenous base(CUT = 1; AG = 2)

130
Q

DNA vs. RNA?

A

RNA:
singlestrand
AUCG(U replaces T)
can leave nucleus

DNA:
doublestrand
ATCG (T replaces U)
can’t leave nucleus

131
Q

ATP?

A 
usable form of energy in animal cells
specialized nucleotide (has 3 P)
132
Q

complementary base pairing?

A

AT, CG, AU

133
Q

prokaryote?

A

1st cells
no nucleus
unicellular

134
Q

eukaryote?

A

evolved from prokaryotes
nucleus
multicellular

135
Q

cell theory?

A

all living things made of cells
smallest unit of life
cells only come from other cells (cell division)

136
Q

endosymbiont theory?

A

bacteria and pre-eukaryotic cells entered a long term relationship becoming mitochondria/chloroplast.
aerobic bacteria= mitochondria
photosynthetic bacteria= chloroplast

137
Q

cell membrane?

A

a fluid selective semi-permiable membrane. acts as gatekeeper of cell. Has different receptors sending messages into and out of cell

138
Q

phospholipids?

A

amphipathic molecules that make up phospholipid bi-layer.

139
Q

nucleus?

A

largest organelle

stored DNA as chromosomes

140
Q

nucleolus?

A

center of nucleus

site of ribosome synthesis

141
Q

nuclear pores?

A

on nuclear envelope

allows substances in and out

142
Q

RER?

A

studded with ribosomes

package proteins and send to Golgi Apparatus

143
Q

SER?

A

synthesize phospholipids, steroids, and other lipids

144
Q

ribosomes?

A

do protein synthesis

some antibiotics kill ribosomes to prevent bacteria function

145
Q

golgi apparatus?

A 
protein modification (sorts and packages)
has a cis and trans face (cis receives; trans sends)
146
Q

lysosome?

A

breaks down cell debris for monomer recycling

147
Q

centrosome?

A

pull replicated chromosomes apart during cell division

148
Q

peroxisome?

A

enzymes break down toxins

lipid metabolism

149
Q

vesicles?

A 
has transport compartments 
Kinds: 
vacuole
lysosome
transport
secretory
150
Q

mitochondria?

A

makes ATP

has own DNA and Ribosomes

151
Q

large central vacuole?

A

stores water, food, and waste

controlls turgor pressure

152
Q

chloroplast?

A

has own DNA and Ribosomes

contains chlorophyll

153
Q

cell wall?

A

only in plants; provides structure for cell

154
Q

fluid mosaic model?

A

fluidity of lipid and protein mix allows portions or whole cell to move

155
Q

degree of saturation?

A

saturated fatty acids reduce fluidity due to tight packing

unsaturated fatty acids increase fluidity due to less tight packing

156
Q

membrane proteins?

A

three kinds

157
Q

adhesion protein?

A

facilitate cell division

158
Q

receptor protein?

A

bind a signal at cell surface

messages causes change in cell activity

159
Q

transport proteins?

A

4 kinds
selectively import and export cargo over cell membrane
some passive some require ATP

160
Q

extracellular matrix?

A

mats of proteins and carbs unique to each cell “ID”

161
Q

cytoskeleton?

A

intracellular network of protein fibers

gives wall structure

162
Q

microfilaments?

A

made of actin

facilitates cell movement

163
Q

intermediate filaments?

A

made of keratin

provide structure

164
Q

microtubules?

A

made of tubulin

aid in cell division

165
Q

flagella?

A

whip-like

fasilatate movement

166
Q

cilia?

A

hair-like

fasilatate movement

167
Q

passive transport?

A

requires no energy

168
Q

simple diffusion?

A

passive

through membrane

169
Q

facilitated diffusion?

A

passive

channel or carrier proteins

170
Q

osmosis?

A

special simple diffusion used by H20

171
Q

active transport?

A

requires energy, usually ATP

against concentration gradient

172
Q

exocytosis?

A

vesicles fuse with cell membrane dumping out contents

173
Q

primary active transportation?

A

protein pumps using ATP

174
Q

secondary active transportation?

A

set up concentration gradient indirectly using ATP

175
Q

endocytosis?

A

cell membrane pinches inward forming vesicle around contents

176
Q

phagocytosis?

A

endocytosis to trap prey

177
Q

evidence for endosymbiotic theory?

A

separate circular DNA
double membrane
own ribosomes

178
Q

limitation of cell size caused by what?

A

SA/V ratio (volume increases= ratio decreases)

179
Q

different gene expression leads to what?

A

different proteomes= many different cells

180
Q

how does secondary active transport rely on primary active transport?

A

primary opens up protein pump which draws in solutes. secondary is the other solutes not “purposefully” drawn in from massive shift

181
Q

animal cell in hypertonic?

A

h20 leaves cell

182
Q

animal cell in hypotonic?

A

h20 enters cell (lyses)

183
Q

animal cell in isotonic?

A

h20 leaves and enters equally

184
Q

plant cell in hypertonic?

A

h20 leaves cell (plasmolysis)

185
Q

plant cell in in hypotonic?

A

h20 enters cell (higher turgor pressure)

186
Q

plant cell in in isotonic?

A

no net flow of h20 (flaccid cell)

Honors Biology 1 (22 decks)

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