Honors Bio Mid Term Assessment Flashcards
7 characteristics of life?
respire 1 or more cells reproduce maintain homeostasis use energy respond to stimuli grow and develop
ecology?
study of ecosystems
abiotic vs. biotic?
abiotic= not living biotic= living
biological hierarchy?
atoms molecules dihydrogen monoxide macromolecules organelles cells tissue organs organ systems organism population community ecosystem biome biosphere
Linnaen Classification?
Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
scientific names formed how?
Genus species (italicized)
3 domains of life?
archaea
bacteria
eukarya
6 kingdoms of life?
archaea Bacteria animalia protista fungi plantae
types of symbiosis?
mutualism
commensalism
exploitation/parasitism
competition
trophic levels?
autotroph/producers
heterotrophs/ consumers
decomposers
energy flow vs. nutrient cycling
nutrients cycle through an ecosystem (stays same)
as
energy flows through one (gradually lost)
10% rule of energy?
roughly about 10% is transferred and stored in the next trophic level
net primary productivity?
NPP= GPP - R
chemosynthesis vs. photosynthesis?
chemo uses minerals and nutrients from earth
photo uses sunlight
what are the aquatic biomes?
freshwater:
lakes(temperate/tropical)
rivers
wetlands(marsh/swamp/bog)
saltwater:
estuaries
mangrove swamps
sea grasses
abyssal/ hadal zones?
Abyssal= thermal vents, aphotic, cold, marine snow, high biodiversity
Hadal= less explored than moon
marine snow?
particles of biomass from surface to bottom
carrying capacity?
the most amount of organisms an ecosystem can sustainably support
density dependent vs. independent?
density dependent= factor rellying on density
independent: factor not rellying on density
exponential vs. logistic growth?
exponential= leaps and bounds
logistic= slow ascent
global warming?
leads to: sea level rise higher primary production higher temperatures ocean acidification frequency/intensity storms
greenhouse effect?
radiation enters shortwave
earths surface absorbs heat
heat get trapped
factors for productivity in terrestrial biomes?
precipitation and temperature
factors for productivity in aquatic biomes?
water depth and proximity to land
tundra?
permafrost
deserts?
lack of moisture/ extreme temperature
boreal forest?
largest terrestrial biome
winter= 1/2 year
thin soil
temperature deciduous forest?
deciduous trees an conifers
grassland?
naturally occur on all land masses except antarctica
chaparral?
dense shrubbery
wildfires
tropical forest?
co2 sink
fast decomposition
marsh?
salt resilient plants
swamp?
low oxygen
estuary?
safe place for adolescent organisms
commensalism?
+/0
mutualism?
+/+
exploitation/ parasitism?
+/-
competition?
-/-
why are tropical lakes less productive than temperate?
no seasonal turnover
hot all the time
eutrophication?
overload of nutrients from fertilizer runoff causes over productivity(algal blooms)
algae die and sink to bottom causing decomposition levels to rise depleting oxygen levels and releasing sulfur
decomposers importance?
make it possible to re-use nutrients and put them back into the cycle
results of ocean warming?
sea levels rise
ice melts
coral bleaching
what causes ocean acidification?
carbon absorbed into ocean
lessons from easter island?
deforestation=erosion decreased precipitation reduced soil fertility fewer resources less biodiversity
scientific method?
question hypothesis prediction experiment data
hypothesis?
well informed
potentially falsifiable
well informed
theory?
closest to proof as possible
experiment?
manipulation of variables
control group?
non-manipulation
experimental group?
manipulated
independent vs. dependent variables?
independent= non-rellying variable
dependent= rellying variable
confounding variable?
variable that can mess with results of an experiment
behaviour?
internally coordinated response to stimuli
operant conditioning?
trial and error learning
classical conditioning?
pairing a specific behavior to an unrelated stimulus
fixed/innate?
fixed= overtime innate= fixed
fixed action pattern?
specific stimulus results in a sequence of behaviors.
learned?
response based on experience
habituation?
learning that results in a decreased response to stimuli
altruism?
sacrificing ones self for the benefit of another
pheremones?
secreted chemicals for intraspecific communication
aposematic coloration?
interspecific
communication vs. language?
interspecific
intraspecific
interspecific?
between all species
intraspecific?
between same species
matter?
has mass and takes up space
elements?
a pure substance
atoms?
smallest unit of matter
molecules vs. compounds?
molecules= atoms covalently bonded compounds= atoms chemically bonded
isotope?
of neutrons changes, mass changes
ion?
an atom that is positively or negatively charged
atomic number?
tells us how many protons are in an atom
atomic mass?
the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
octet rule?
atoms like to fill their s and p orbitals to achieve noblegas state
orbitals?
path that e- follows
Hund’s rule?
singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied
valence electrons?
found in orbitals with highest energy level
noble gases?
elements in the state of least reactivity
covalent bonding?
non-metal + non-metal
ionic bonding?
metal + non-metal
hydrogen bonding?
a positively charged negatively charged attraction
mole?
a unit to measure amount of a substance
Avogadro’s number?
number of units in one mole (= 6.022 x 10^23)
polar vs. non-polar molecules?
polar= electrons shared unevenly causing partial charges
non-polar= electrons shared evenly
electronegativity?
electron hogging power of an atom
surface tension?
The attraction of molecules at the surface of a liquid
solution transformation?
solvent–>solute–> solution
adhesion vs. cohesion?
cohesion= H bond to itself adhesion= whatever surface it is on
heat capacity?
amount of heat required to raise a substance one degree Celsius
colligative properties?
amount of solutes dissolved in a H2O alters properties
how to determine protons?
same as atomic number
how to determine electrons?
same as protons
how to determine neutrons?
atomic mass minus atomic number
an atom is mostly what?
space
chemical bonding occurs when what?
two different elements complete each others valence shells
with lewis dot a covalent bond is_?
a line
with lewis dot an ionic bond is_?
a line with an arrow
why is water bent and why is it polar?
non-bonding electrons take up a lot of room
it is polar because it has two ends that are oppositely charged
how does waters polarity contribute to cohesion/ adhesion?
on a polar surface it maximizes surface area contact
on non-polar surface it minimizes surface area contact
how does waters polarity contribute to heat capacity?
higher because of H bonds
how does waters polarity contribute to surface tension?
it causes it to have a strong bond to itself creating a great surface tension
moles to grams and grams to moles?
moles to grams/grams to moles:
grams of substance over moles of substance = mar mass in grams over one mole
g to mol= division of top
mol to g= multiplication of top
of valence electrons?
column on periodic table
organic molecules?
carbon containing molecules
carbon backbone?
has 4 electrons available for bonding
hydrocarbons?
molecules made of only hydrogen and carbon
macromolecule types?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
monomer types?
carb= monosaccharides
lipids= fatty acids
proteins= amino acids
nucleic acids= nucleotides
what does polymer mean?
macromolecule
dehydration synthesis?
process to make macromolecules
hydrolysis?
process to break down macromolecules
unsaturated fatty acid structure?
have a kink from double C bond
saturated fatty acid structure?
are straight and all single bonded
triglycerides?
natural fat used for storage in animals found in large concentrations in adipose tissues
sterol hormones?
a nonfat lipid,
found in large concentration in testes and ovaries
how much energy does fat store relative to other macromolecules?
3x
simple carbs?
mono and di
saccharides
complex carbs?
polysaccharides
starch?
energy storage in plants
cellulose?
used in cell wall of plants for structure
chitin?
used in animals for structure
glycogen?
storage
quick energy release?
break last P-P bond
R-group?
a different one for each amino acid
denaturation?
process in which the protein unfolds due to heat, acidity, or salinity
enzymes?
speed up chemical reactions
two kinds catabolic and anabolic
active site?
place where enzyme interactions occur with substrate
substrate?
anything enzyme is interacting with
structure of a nucleotide?
pentagonal 5 carbon sugar with a circular phosphate group and a pentagonal nitrogenous base(CUT = 1; AG = 2)
DNA vs. RNA?
RNA:
singlestrand
AUCG(U replaces T)
can leave nucleus
DNA:
doublestrand
ATCG (T replaces U)
can’t leave nucleus
ATP?
usable form of energy in animal cells specialized nucleotide (has 3 P)
complementary base pairing?
AT, CG, AU
prokaryote?
1st cells
no nucleus
unicellular
eukaryote?
evolved from prokaryotes
nucleus
multicellular
cell theory?
all living things made of cells
smallest unit of life
cells only come from other cells (cell division)
endosymbiont theory?
bacteria and pre-eukaryotic cells entered a long term relationship becoming mitochondria/chloroplast.
aerobic bacteria= mitochondria
photosynthetic bacteria= chloroplast
cell membrane?
a fluid selective semi-permiable membrane. acts as gatekeeper of cell. Has different receptors sending messages into and out of cell
phospholipids?
amphipathic molecules that make up phospholipid bi-layer.
nucleus?
largest organelle
stored DNA as chromosomes
nucleolus?
center of nucleus
site of ribosome synthesis
nuclear pores?
on nuclear envelope
allows substances in and out
RER?
studded with ribosomes
package proteins and send to Golgi Apparatus
SER?
synthesize phospholipids, steroids, and other lipids
ribosomes?
do protein synthesis
some antibiotics kill ribosomes to prevent bacteria function
golgi apparatus?
protein modification (sorts and packages) has a cis and trans face (cis receives; trans sends)
lysosome?
breaks down cell debris for monomer recycling
centrosome?
pull replicated chromosomes apart during cell division
peroxisome?
enzymes break down toxins
lipid metabolism
vesicles?
has transport compartments Kinds: vacuole lysosome transport secretory
mitochondria?
makes ATP
has own DNA and Ribosomes
large central vacuole?
stores water, food, and waste
controlls turgor pressure
chloroplast?
has own DNA and Ribosomes
contains chlorophyll
cell wall?
only in plants; provides structure for cell
fluid mosaic model?
fluidity of lipid and protein mix allows portions or whole cell to move
degree of saturation?
saturated fatty acids reduce fluidity due to tight packing
unsaturated fatty acids increase fluidity due to less tight packing
membrane proteins?
three kinds
adhesion protein?
facilitate cell division
receptor protein?
bind a signal at cell surface
messages causes change in cell activity
transport proteins?
4 kinds
selectively import and export cargo over cell membrane
some passive some require ATP
extracellular matrix?
mats of proteins and carbs unique to each cell “ID”
cytoskeleton?
intracellular network of protein fibers
gives wall structure
microfilaments?
made of actin
facilitates cell movement
intermediate filaments?
made of keratin
provide structure
microtubules?
made of tubulin
aid in cell division
flagella?
whip-like
fasilatate movement
cilia?
hair-like
fasilatate movement
passive transport?
requires no energy
simple diffusion?
passive
through membrane
facilitated diffusion?
passive
channel or carrier proteins
osmosis?
special simple diffusion used by H20
active transport?
requires energy, usually ATP
against concentration gradient
exocytosis?
vesicles fuse with cell membrane dumping out contents
primary active transportation?
protein pumps using ATP
secondary active transportation?
set up concentration gradient indirectly using ATP
endocytosis?
cell membrane pinches inward forming vesicle around contents
phagocytosis?
endocytosis to trap prey
evidence for endosymbiotic theory?
separate circular DNA
double membrane
own ribosomes
limitation of cell size caused by what?
SA/V ratio (volume increases= ratio decreases)
different gene expression leads to what?
different proteomes= many different cells
how does secondary active transport rely on primary active transport?
primary opens up protein pump which draws in solutes. secondary is the other solutes not “purposefully” drawn in from massive shift
animal cell in hypertonic?
h20 leaves cell
animal cell in hypotonic?
h20 enters cell (lyses)
animal cell in isotonic?
h20 leaves and enters equally
plant cell in hypertonic?
h20 leaves cell (plasmolysis)
plant cell in in hypotonic?
h20 enters cell (higher turgor pressure)
plant cell in in isotonic?
no net flow of h20 (flaccid cell)
