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Honors Biology 1 > Ms 59-65 & probability, blood, and pedigree labs > Flashcards

Ms 59-65 & probability, blood, and pedigree labs Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a gene?

A

stretch of DNA encoding a protein product

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2
Q

what are alleles?

A

different versions of a gene

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3
Q

diploid cells?

A

2 alleles from each gene (pat. mat.)

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4
Q

where are alleles located?

A

the same loci on homologues (pat. mat.)

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5
Q

how are new alleles produced?

A

mutations

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6
Q

heterozygous?

A

two copies of different alleles (carrier/ hybrid)

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7
Q

homozygous?

A

two copies of same allele

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8
Q

genotypic and phenotypic ratio of a hybrid cross?

A

2: 1:1 genotypic
3: 1 phenotypic

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9
Q

who is the “Father of Genetics”?

A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

what did Mendel not know about?

A

genes
meiosis
DNA

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11
Q

what is single-gene inheritance?

A

traits controlled by the expression of one gene

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12
Q

All traits Mendel studied were what?

A

complete dominance

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13
Q

Mendel used what kind of crosses?

A

genetic crosses with true-breeding parents

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14
Q

what is the law of segregation?

A

alleles from each gene are segregated during meiosis

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15
Q

what are the generation names from top to bottom

A 
P generation (True-breeding)
F1 generation (hybrids)
F2 generation (mix of hybrid and true-breeding)
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16
Q

what happens if the wrong blood type is given to a person?

A

the anti antigen bonds to the blood, clumping and causing clots

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17
Q

what is mother-fetus incompatibility?

A

if the fetus is Rh+ and mother is Rh- then mom’s immune system may attack baby’s blood

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18
Q

what is a dihybrid cross?

A

2 true breeding plants for 2 traits

has 4 alleles in the genotype, making a 16 square Punnet Square

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19
Q

what ratio is typical of a dihybrid cross with non linked genes?

A

9:3:3:1

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20
Q

what is the law of independent assortment?

A

The inheritance of one trait is independent of the inheritance of another trait

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21
Q

Who did the fruit fly experiment?

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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22
Q

what did Morgan’s results conclude?

A

opposed IA
discovered genetic linkage
studied wing length and body color

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23
Q

what do you call phenotypes controlled by one trait?

A

monogenic (Mendelian traits)

24
Q

what do you call phenotypes controlled by multiple traits?

A

polygenic

25
Q

monogenic follow what?

A

simple patterns

26
Q

polygenic follow what?

A

complex patterns

27
Q

another word for incomplete dominance?

A

blending

28
Q

examples of incomplete dominate AKA blending?

A

snapdragons, palomino horses

29
Q

what is co-dominance?

A

some of both traits

30
Q

examples of co-dominance?

A

blood(AB), sickle-cell anemia

31
Q

what are Environmental Effects?

A

the rate/amount a gene is expressed is affected by the environment

32
Q

example of Environmental Effects?

A

alligators ( low temp.=female, high temp.=male)

Siamese Cat Coat Color (tyrosinase pigment levels higher at lower temp.)

33
Q

what are Pleiotropic genes?

A

when 1 gene influences multiple traits

34
Q

example of Pleiotropic genes?

A

albinism

35
Q

what happens if the tyrosinase gene in albinos is mutated?

A

can lead to hypo pigmentation and eye problems

36
Q

what is there a balance between when determine pigment levels of people?

A

a balance between folate and vitamin

37
Q

what are sex-linked traits?

A

traits coded for by genes on sex chromosomes

38
Q

examples of sex-linked disease?

A

hemophilia

39
Q

which disorders are both sexes equally likely to inherit?

A

autosomal disorders(non sex-linked)

40
Q

what do you call alterations in chromosomal structure?

A

chromosomal aberrations

41
Q

what other way can you get genetic disorders besides inheritance?

A

chromosomal aberrations

42
Q

what is Aneuploidy?

A

mistake made during anaphase of meiosis resulting in too many or too few chromosomes in a gamete

43
Q

what does Aneuploidy usually lead to?

A

death

44
Q

examples of Aneuploidy?

A 
trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY, reduced fertility, female characteristics)
45
Q

four kinds of Chromosomal Aberrations?

A

Deletion (segment with genes lost–> XY female)

Duplication (locus “stutter”, genes duplicated–> breast cancer)

Inversion (broken segment reattaches in wrong orientation———->infertility)

Translocation (broken segment reattaches to wrong chromosome—> XX male)

46
Q

what cells are not involved in reproduction?

A

somatic cells

47
Q

what cells undergo meiosis to produce gametes?

A

germ line cells

48
Q

what alleles arise due to mutations?

A

disease alleles

49
Q

why is being homozygous dominant rare for a disease?

A

usually results in an embryonic lethal

50
Q

what are Genetic disorders?

A

set of symptoms caused by inherited alleles

51
Q

Autosomal recessive?

A

males+females ~equally affected
can skip generations
unaffected parents can have affected offspring
2 affected parents=all offspring affected

52
Q

Autosomal dominant?

A

males+females ~equally affected
can not skip generations
affected offspring must have at least 1 affected parent
no carriers
usually not homozygous dominant= embryonic lethal

53
Q

X-linked recessive?

A

more common in males

affected male x carrier female = 50% daughters affected

54
Q

X-linked dominant?

A

affected male= 100% of daughters affected

affected female= 50% of offspring affected

55
Q

how to determine %probability of trait?

A

decimal percentage of each parent multiplied

Honors Biology 1 (22 decks)

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