Modules 3-4 Flashcards
Golgi apparatus
Reverses proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares and packages them for export to other parts of the body.
Process hundred of different proteins simultaneously.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of membranous canals and curving sacs throughout the cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Defines the boundaries of the cell, regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell, and consists of phosolipids, cholesterol and protein.
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell, inner mitochondrion membrane(cristae) contains enzymes that the organelle uses to convert organic compounds to ATP
Centrioles
Lie perpendicular to one another just outside of the nucleus, play a role in cell division
Cytoplasm
Gel like substance that fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
Supporting framework of the cell, made up of protein filaments and rod like structures - cytoskeleton determines shape of the cell
Gives strength and allows the cell to move
Ribosomes
Synthesize protein, some are attached to the E.R. while others exist alone scattered throughout the cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Membranous vesicles that form from pinched off pieces of the Golgi apparatus, contain various enzymes that break down protein the cell doesn’t need. This both cleans out the cell and allows it to reuse amino acids
Nucleus
Central and most important part of the cell, it’s the cells control center; contains all of the cells genetic info
What is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration called?
Diffusion
Passive transport
Requires no energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, filtration and facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Requires energy, includes transport by pumps and vesicles
What involves the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration called?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Involves the diffusion of water down the concentration gradient though a selectively permeable members
Isotonic
Solution with the same concentration of solutes as that inside the cell
Hypertonic
Solution with a higher concentration of solutes as that inside the cell
Hypotonic
Solution with a lower concentration of solutes as that inside the cell
Endocytosis
Brings substances into the cell
Phagocytosis- cell rating
Pinocytosis - cell drinking
Exocytosis
Uses vesicles to release substances outside the cell
Ectoderm
Creates the epidermis and nervous tissue
What produces the mucous membrane of the respiratory track, thyroid gland and secretory parts of the pancreas?
The endoderm
What does the mesoderm do?
Gives rise to the connective and muscle tissue
What are the four categories of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular
Where is epithelial tissue found?
Covers the body’s surface, lines body cavities, and many of the organs and forms certain glands.
What is a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood?
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
Secrete products into a duct that empties it into the body’s surface of inside of a body cavity
Areolar tissue ( loose connective tissue)
Consist of collagen and elastin. Connects many adjacent body structures and lies under almost all epithelia. it also surrounds blood vessels nerves the oesophagus and the trachea
Adipose tissue
Dominated by fat cells form is protective pads around kidneys and various other structures. Storage depot for excess food and helps insulate the body to conserve heat.
Reticular tissue
Consist of a loose network of reticular fibres and cells which form the framework of the spleen lymph nodes and bone marrow
Tendons and ligaments are formed by what connective tissue?
Dense connective tissue
Where does Cartilage receive oxygen and nutrients from?
Diffusion from surrounding connective tissue and it heal slowly because there’s no blood vessels
What are the three main types of cartilage And where can they be found?
Hyaline found in the ends of mobile joints ribs attached to the breastbone the larynx and rings are on the trachea
Elastic found in the outer ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage forms the distance between the vertebrae and in the knee joints which absorb shock
What is the soma neuron and what does it contain?
Large body cell containing the nucleus of the nerve cells
Skeletal muscle
Attached to bones and allows body movements to be made and breathing, speech, control of urination and facial expressions
Cardiac muscle
Only in the heart and allows electrical impulses to spread rapidly from cell to cell
Smooth muscle
Lines the walls of many organs (Digestive, respiratory,Urinary tract ) Controls blood pressure and flow
Which type of tissue repair results in functional tissue?
Regeneration the damage tissue cells replace with the same type of cell resulting in functional tissue
Mucous membrane
Found in the respiratory,digestive, urinary and reproductive tract.Secretes mucus that cold and protect cells of the membrane.
Cutaneous membrane
The skin. Consist of a layer of epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue
Serous membrane
Lines close body cavities, it surrounds the lungs and the heart, it covers the abdominal organs. Secretes serous fluid which helps prevent friction as the heart beats in the lungs expand
Stem cells
Specialized cell that can differentiate into many different types of cells
What is the most widespread and most varied of all tissues that serves to connect the body and to support, bind and protect organs?
Connective tissue
Cartilage forming cells
Chondrocytes
What tissue has a high degree of excitability and conductivity that makes of the nervous system?
Nervous tissue
What is granulation tissue
Newly formed tissue inside a wound
Osseous tissue
Bone tissue - osteocytes are bone forming cells
