Module 19 - Fluids, electrolytes and acid - base balance

Question 1

what does interstitial fluid mean?

Answer 1

fluid between the cells inside tissue

Question 2

what composes trans-cellular fluid?

Answer 2

cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid in joints, vitreous and aqueous of the eye, and digestive secretions

Question 3

what does intracellular fluid mean?

Answer 3

within the cell

Question 4

what happens when osmolarity increases outside the cell?

Answer 4

water moves out of the cell and into the tissues

Question 5

what happens when osmolarity decreases outside the cell?

Answer 5

water moves out of the tissue and into the cells

Question 6

how does the body compensate for dehydration?

Answer 6

hypothamalus stimulates thirst

Question 7

fluid excess

Answer 7

kidneys usually compensate by producing more urine, specific type of includes water intoxication

Question 8

major cations

Answer 8

Na+, k+, Ca+, H+

Question 9

major anions

Answer 9

Cl-, HCO3-, Pi

Question 10

sodium

Answer 10

main electrolyte in extracellular fluid, determines the volume of total body water, influences how body water is distributed and plays a key role in depolarization

Question 11

pH rises

Answer 11

more alkaline

Question 12

pH drops

Answer 12

more acidic

Question 13

phosphate participates in

Answer 13

carbohydrate metabolism, bone formation and acid -base balance

Question 14

what mainly determine the amount and direction of flow of fluid?

Answer 14

concentration of solutes within each compartment

Question 15

causes of acid gain (acidosis)

Answer 15

respiratory - retention of CO2 (hypoventilation)
metabolic - increased production of acids, consumption of acidic drugs, inability of the kidneys to excrete H+ ions, loss of bicarbonate

Question 16

causes of acid loss (alkalosis)

Answer 16

respiratory- loss of CO2

metabolic - loss of gastric juices (vomiting or suctioning), excessive ingestion of bicarbonate

Question 17

chemical buffers and 3 main chemical buffer systems

Answer 17

use chemical to bind h+ and remove it from the solution when levels rise too high and to release H+ when levels fall.
Bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system and protein buffer system

Question 18

Physiological buffers

Answer 18

uses the respiratory and urinary systems to alter the output of acids, bases or CO2. This stabilizes pH

Question 19

renal control of pH

Answer 19

kidneys are the only buffer system that actually expels H+ ions from the body. At the same time, they reabsorb bicarbonate, the predominant buffer in extracellular fluid. This double effect makes the renal system the most powerful of all buffer systems.

Question 20

Potassium

Answer 20

Chief cation of intracellular fluid, crucial for proper nerve and muscle function.
Aldosterone regulates serum levels of potassium, just as it does sodium. Rising potassium levels stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone; aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium as they reabsorb sodium.

Question 21

Calcium

Answer 21

plays a key role in muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Plasma calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, which affects intestinal absorption of calcium and enhances the release of calcium from bones.