Module 16 - Respiratory system

Question 1

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx, what do they allow to pass through?

Answer 1

nasopharynx - only air
oropharynx - air and food
laryngopharynx - air and food

Question 2

what is the role of the 3 conchae bones

Answer 2

they ensure that most air contacts the mucous membrane

Question 3

where is the trachea and what keeps it from collapsing?

Answer 3

it is in front of the esophagus, and c-shaped cartilage rings keep it reinforced to prevent it from collapsing

Question 4

what is the role of surfactant?

Answer 4

helps reduce surface tension

Question 5

What is the role of the larync

Answer 5

produces sound, prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea and acts as an air passageway between the pharynx and the trachea

Question 6

what are the 2 main roles of the serous fluid?

Answer 6

lubricates the pleural surfaces and it creates a pressure gradient that assists in lung inflation

Question 7

atmospheric pressure

Answer 7

pressure that drives respiration - the weight of the air around us

Question 8

inspiration (respiratory muscles)

Answer 8

external intercostal - muscles pull the ribs upward and outward, widening the thoracic cavity.
internal intercostal - help elevate the ribs
diaphragm - contracts, flattens, and drops, pressing the abdominal organs downward and enlarging the thoracic cavity

Question 9

expiration (respiratory muscles)

Answer 9

the intercostal muscles relax, pulling the ribs downward
diaphragm - relaxes, bulging upward and pressing against the base of the lungs, reducing the size of the thoracic cavity.
air is pushed out of the lungs

Question 10

during times of forced or laboured breathing, what muscles assist with breathing?

Answer 10

accessory muscles

Question 11

inspiratory center (neural control of breathing)

Answer 11

primary respiratory center (medulla)

Question 12

expiratory center (neural control of breathing)

Answer 12

used for forceful exhalations (medulla)

Question 13

apneustic center (neural control of breathing)

Answer 13

increases the length and depth of inspirations (pons)

Question 14

pneumotaxic center (neural control of breathing)

Answer 14

prevents lungs overinflation (pons)

Question 15

gas exchange

Answer 15

exchange depends on differences of pressure, gas diffuses from higher to lower pressure until pressures are equalized

Question 16

what are 2 factors that affect airflow and what are their roles?

Answer 16

pulmonary compliance - elasticity of the lung tissue, lungs need to expand for ventilation
alveolar surface tension - lowers surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse

Question 17

transport of oxygen

Answer 17

most oxygen forms oxyhemoglobin in the lungs, oxyhemoglobin travels to the cells, difference in pH b/w venous and arterial blood breaks the bond with the hemoglobin and oxygen is released to the tissues

Question 18

transport of carbon dioxide

Answer 18

occures in 3 ways:

• 10% dissolved in plasma
• 20% bound to hemoglobin
• 70% carried as bicarbonate ions

Question 19

tidal volume

Answer 19

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

Question 20

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 20

amount of air - inhaled using maximum effort after a normal inspiration

Question 21

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 21

the amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration by using maximum effort

Question 22

residual volume

Answer 22

even after a forced expiration, about 1300 mL of air remains in the lungs

Question 23

vital capacity

Answer 23

the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with the deepest possible breath

Question 24

total lung capacity

Answer 24

the maximum amount of air that the lungs can contain: the vital capacity plus the residual volume