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Immunology Quiz Questions > module d bold terms > Flashcards

module d bold terms Flashcards

1
Q

autoimmunity

A

failure of central and peripheral tolerance to prevent negative selection or inactivation of the adaptive immune system (failure to recognize self as self)

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2
Q

autoimmune diseases linked to genetic polymorphisms and mutations in CTLA4

A

-insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus
-graves disease
-hashimoto disease
-systemic lupus erythematosus

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3
Q

goodpasture syndrome

A

-autoimmune disease that causes vasculitis and can be worsened by cigarette smoke
-type II hypersensitivity caused by the destruction of the basement membranes of the kidneys and lungs resulting in tissue damage and vasculitis

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4
Q

guillain-barre syndrom

A

caused by campylobactor jejuni which mimics host cell proteins

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5
Q

molecular mimicry

A

infectious agent mimics the host cell proteins and can cause autoimmunity

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6
Q

insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus

A

-pancreatic beta cells in the islets of langerhans are targeted
-beta cells secrete insulin
-over 50 genes and some environmental factors have been identified
-autoantibodies target insulin, glutamate decarboxylase, and IA-2, which are specific to pancreatic beta cells

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7
Q

graves disease

A

-thyroid specific autoantibodies bind to the TSH receptor on thyroid epithelial cells
-autoantibodies act as agonists and mimic normal TSH binding
-T3 and T4 are continuously released and the basal metabolic rate is increased
-symptoms include heat intolerance, weight loss, excessive sweating, and warm skin

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8
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

the basal metabolic rate of the thyroid is increased

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9
Q

hypothyroidism

A

the thyroid is destroyed and the basal metabolic rate is decreased

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10
Q

hashimoto disease, hashimoto thyroiditis

A

-thyroid specific autoantibodies that can recognize thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, and TSH receptor
-autoantibodies can mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of thyroid cells causing hypothyroidism
-common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, dry skin, and sensitivity to cold

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11
Q

autoantibody

A

an antibody produced against the hosts own tissues

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12
Q

agonists

A

mimic the effect of the regular ligand

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13
Q

antagonists

A

prevent the activity and signaling of receptors

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14
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

antagonist autoantibodies also bind to acetylcholine receptors preventing the activity and signaling of the receptors (agonist)

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15
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

-autoimmune response causes chronic inflammation of the joints
-large percentage of patients produce rheumatoid factor
-autoantibodies from immune complexes containing soluble IgG or IgM, and the immune complexes deposit in joints and drive inflammation through a type III hypersensitivity-like response

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16
Q

rheumatoid factor

A

anti-immunoglobulin antibodies capable of recognizing the Fc region of IgG or IgM

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17
Q

multiple sclerosis (ms)

A

-systemic autoimmune disease
-symptoms are due to the targeted destruction of myelin-producing cells of the nervous system and impaired neuronal function
-symptoms include muscle weakness, vision problems, and coordination problems

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18
Q

blood transfusion

A

involves the transfer of blood cells or blood-cell components from individual (donor) to another (recipient)

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19
Q

Jean-Baptiste Denys

A

-1667, french physician
-first recorded successful blood transfusion into a human
-introduced sheep’s blood into a 15-year old boy

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20
Q

Karl Landsteiner

A

-1901
-discovered A, B, and O blood types
-different blood types were incompatible and mixing them would cause an immune response that destroyed the donor red blood cells

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21
Q

autograft

A

-transplant tissue from area to another from the same individual
-most similar

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22
Q

isograft

A

-tissue transplantation between genetically identical individuals
-2nd most similar

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23
Q

allograft

A

-tissue transplantation between genetically distinct individual
-most common
-3rd most similar, 2nd most different

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24
Q

xenograft

A

-tissue transplantation between different species
-can be tolerated short term (5-10 years) but not long term
-4th most similar, most different

25
Q

alloantigens

A

antigens that differ between individuals of the same species

26
Q

transplantation rejection

A

occurs when the recipient’s immune system targets donor tissue alloantigens

27
Q

immunosuppressive

A

immune system is suppressed

28
Q

georges mathe

A

-1958
-performed first bone marrow transplant
-treated patients who had been exposed to radioactivity due to a nuclear power plant accident

29
Q

Robert Good

A

-1968
-successfully treated an immunodeficiency with a bone marrow transplant

30
Q

john kersey

A

-1975
-first to successfully use a bone marrow transplant to treat lymphoma

31
Q

hematopoietic cell genetic abnormalities

A

mutations in critical genes can affect blood cell development and function

32
Q

erythroid lineage

A

thalassemia and sickle cell anemia

33
Q

lymphoid lineage

A

immunodeficiencies

34
Q

alloreactions

A

follow solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations caused by polymorphisms in HLA molecules

35
Q

graft-versus-host disease

A

newly transplanted hematopoietic system recognizes recipient’s tissues and organs as non-self and targets them in an immune respons

36
Q

hyperacute rejection

A

-caused by preexisting antibodies in the recipient that bind to blood antigens or HLA molecules expressed on blood vessels within transplanted tissue
-mirrors a type II hypersensitivity reaction
-preventable by proper blood type matching HLA typing/crossmatching

37
Q

acute rejection

A

-caused by recognition of donor MHC-peptide complexes presented by donor dendritic cells to recipient T cells
-mirrors a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction
-preventable by proper HLA typing and crossmatiching and use of immunosuppressive drugs

38
Q

chronic rejection

A

-occurs months or years later after transplantation and is the cause for why a transplanted organ ultimately fail
-caused by immune responses that target the vasculature of the transplanted organ
-mirrors a type IV (delayed type) hypersensitivity reaction
-cannot be prevented by immunosuppressive drugs

39
Q

minor histocompatibility antigens

A

ex) H-Y antigens

40
Q

direct pathway of allorecognition

A

donor dendritic cells migrate from inflamed transplanted tissue to secondary lymphoid tissues and present alloantigens via donor MHC molecules to recipient T cells

41
Q

indirect pathway of allorecognition

A

-driven by donor cells in transplanted tissue that undergo apoptosis due to inflammation and ischemia
-apoptotic donor cells are phagocytosed by recipient dendritic cells, which then migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue

42
Q

semidirect pathway of allorecognition

A

involves the exchange of intact donor MHC class I molecules with recipient dendritic cells

43
Q

cyclosporin a

A

blocks t cell activation by binding to cyclophilins and inhibiting calcineurin activation

44
Q

cyclophilins

A

bound by cyclosporin a to block t cell activation by inhibiting calcineurin activation

45
Q

FK-binding proteins

A

bound by FK-506 to block t cell activation by inhibiting calcineurin activation

46
Q

graft-versus-leukemia effect

A

-increased risk of cancer recurrence in leukemia patients when mature t cells are removed from donor bone marrow prior to transplant
-mature t cells present in the transplanted bone marrow target and destroy residual leukemia cells that have survived chemotherapy and irradiation
-effect supplemented by donor NK cells that are re-educated after transplant to recognize leukemia cells in the recipient

47
Q

cancer

A

-results from abnormal or uncontrolled cell growth
-changes in cell growth are driven by mutation in DNA or from infections that modify cell growth proteins

48
Q

angiogensis

A

-cancer cells gain access to nutrients and oxygen through increased blood vessel growth

49
Q

metastasis

A

cancer cells leave a primary site of growth and migrate to other organs and tissues

50
Q

benign tumor

A

can typically be removed by surgery because they are encapsulated and localized with defined borders

51
Q

malignant tumor

A

more difficult to treat because they have undefined borders and may have already spread to other parts of the body

52
Q

leukemia

A

cancer is caused by hematopoietic cells

53
Q

lymphoma

A

cancer that affects lymphoid tissue

54
Q

myeloma

A

cancer that affects bone marrow

55
Q

sarcoma

A

cancer that is derived from connective tissues

56
Q

tumor suppressor genes or proto-oncogenes

A

mutations allow cells to undergo uncontrolled cellular division

57
Q

tumor-associated antigens

A

overexpressed or inappropriately expressed proteins in tumor cells

58
Q

tumor-specific antigens

A

antigens are expressed exclusively by the tumor cells and may be virus encoded proteins

59
Q

immunosurveillance

A

the ability of the immune system to target and destroy mutated or tumor cells

Immunology Quiz Questions (15 decks)

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