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Immunology Quiz Questions > 23 exam 2 > Flashcards

23 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which cells play an important role in pathogen clearance by activating other cells during an adaptive immune response?

A

T cells

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2
Q

T cells that recognize antigen presented on MHC class 1 typically are

A

activated to fight off intracellular pathogens

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3
Q

a T cell that has CD4 as a coreceptor is a(n) ____ cell

A

helper T

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4
Q

all the alleles of every MHC class 1 and class 2 gene is an individual make up that person’s ____, which provides the overall MHC diversity

A

haplotype

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5
Q

which of these is the major stimulatory signal molecule for naïve T-cells?

A

CD28

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6
Q

what enzyme adds nucleotides to gene segments during recombination?

A

TdT

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7
Q

which of these proteins includes beta2 microglobulin in its structure?

A

MHC class 1

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8
Q

nearly all nucleated cells express which of these?

A

MHC class 1

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9
Q

the invariant chain is important for which of these?

A

exogenous antigen presentation on MHC class 2

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10
Q

which of these are effector B cells that secrete soluble immunoglobulins?

A

plasma cells

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11
Q

which statement about B cells is true?

A

they are localized in the T-cell zone of a secondary lymphoid tissue and can activate naïve T-cells if they recognize the same antigen

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12
Q

interaction between the T-cell receptor and an MHC-peptide complex, coupled with the proper costimulatory signaling, promotes the formation of a(n)

A

immunological synapse between the T cell and an APC

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13
Q

the most important type of cells in T-cell activation are ____

A

dendritic cells

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14
Q

following activation, naïve T-cells differentiate into what?

A

effector cells

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15
Q

what happens when dendritic cells secrete the chemokine CCL18?

A

T-cells migrate to lymph nodes

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16
Q

which of these is not a common antigen presenting cell for T-cell activation?

A

hepatocyte

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17
Q

which of these is an important chemokine receptor found on T-cells?

A

CCR7

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18
Q

ZAP-70 is involved in activating what type of cells?

A

T-cells

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19
Q

which of these migrate from the bone marrow to the spleen?

A

transitional B cells

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20
Q

during the development of B cells, successful recombination of what leads to creation of a B-cell receptor?

A

the successful recombination of a heavy chain locus

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21
Q

rearrangement of the heavy chain loci is tested through the use of a surrogate light chain during the ____

A

early pre-B cell stage

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22
Q

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) must be able to interact with and receive signals from specialized cells in the bone marrow known as what?

A

stromal cells

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23
Q

where do B-cell first form during embryogenesis?

A

yolk sac

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24
Q

which of these has low amount of IgM and high amounts of IgD on their cell surface?

A

B-2 B cells

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25
Q

which population of B-cells seem to be self-renewing?

A

B-1 B cells

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26
Q

where do most immature B-cells head to when first formed?

A

spleen

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27
Q

What is a T1 cell?

A

a transitional stage of a B-cell

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28
Q

immunoglobulin structure consists of which of these?

A

two heavy and two light polypeptide chains

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29
Q

immunoglobulin molecules____

A

are expressed as membrane-bound or secreted soluble molecules

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30
Q

B-cell activation requires interaction of specific cell-surface proteins associated with immunoglobulins known as what?

A

Ig-alpha and Ig-beta chains

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31
Q

the ___ region of an antibody plays an important role in binding to receptors of certain immune system cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes such as mast cells

A

Fc

32
Q

which isotype of antibody is most important for mucosal immunity

A

IgA

33
Q

what term refers to where an antibody bind on an antigen?

A

epitope

34
Q

which group of macromolecules are the most antigenic?

A

polypeptides

35
Q

alternative mRNA splicing is involved in _____ in the heavy chain

A

VDJ-C joining (D-J and V-DJ were ruled out and hypermutation doesn’t make sense)

36
Q

the action of AID causes cytosines to be converted to what?

A

uracil

37
Q

cross-presentation of antigens can occur through a process called what?

A

cytosolic diversion

38
Q

what is the function of TAP in antigen presentation?

A

transport of peptides into the ER

39
Q

MHC class I molecules are found on what cells?

A

all somatic cells

40
Q

which subunit of the IL-2 receptor converts it from low affinity to high affinity?

A

alpha

41
Q

which of these are most important for stimulating macrophage activity?

A

Th1

42
Q

which signaling pathway in B- and T-cells most involves the action of calcium?

A

IP3 pathway

43
Q

what enzyme is responsible for forming IP3 and DAG during cell signaling?

A

phospholipase c (PLC)

44
Q

at what location does most somatic hypermutation occur?

A

germinal centers

45
Q

which of these antibodies is not formed as a result of isotype switching?

A

IgD

46
Q

which of these antibodies in not released into the serum in appreciable amounts?

A

IgD

47
Q

which effector cytokine is most important for developing helper T-cells?

A

IL-4

48
Q

activation of Fas via its ligand leads to what process?

A

apoptosis

49
Q

what is the “second key” to activate and arm a naïve B-cell?

A

CD40 ligand

50
Q

what kind of b-cells are mostly found in the peritoneum?

A

B-1 B-cells

51
Q

which immune organ is most responsible for dealing with blood-borne pathogens?

A

spleen

52
Q

which of the following is not a direct function of antibodies?

A

cell lysis

53
Q

how many protein chains make up an antibody?

A

four

54
Q

what hold the chains of an antibody molecule together?

A

disulfide bonds

55
Q

which of these pairs is representative of endogenous antigen presentation?

A

MHC class I interacting with CD8

56
Q

____ T-cells activate other immune system cells

A

effector

57
Q

CTLA4 ___ regulates T-cell activity

A

down

58
Q

the most common type of T-cell receptor in the adult human body is ____

A

alpha/beta

59
Q

MHC class II presents ___ peptides than does MHC class I

A

longer

60
Q

class I MHC molecules are loaded with antigen in the _____

A

ER

61
Q

CCL19 is produced in the ____ to attract naïve T-cells

A

lymph nodes

62
Q

_____ is the main signal that allows T-cells to reenter circulation

A

sphingosine-1-phosphate

63
Q

signaling between a T-cell and a dendritic cell occurs in the immunological _____

A

synapse

64
Q

MAP kinases are mostly activated by ____-dependent mechanisms

A

DAG

65
Q

Th17 cells mostly stimulate _____

A

neutrophils

66
Q

_____ are the most common kind of B cells in our body

A

B-2 B

67
Q

stem cell factor is found on the surface of ____ cells in the bone marrow

A

stromal

68
Q

the cytokine ___ drives lymphocytes toward becoming B cells

A

IL-7

69
Q

in B-cell receptor formation, the ___ chain is made first

A

heavy

70
Q

a total of ___ chromosomes contain antibody protein genes

A

three

71
Q

the first structure of antibodies was worked out by ____

A

Ehrlich

72
Q

antibodies gain additional specificity through a process called ______

A

affinity maturation

73
Q

coating of a pathogen with antibodies is called ____

A

opsonization

74
Q

____ is the isotype of antibody formed in the primary immune response

A

IgM

75
Q

IgE binds to ____ and is associated with allergies

A

mast cells

Immunology Quiz Questions (15 decks)

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