Module C Quiz Questions Flashcards
Antigen binding to the B-cell receptor
is similar to T-cell receptor binding as it occurs through an MHC molecule
is the only step required for naïve B-cell activation
must be accompanied by activation of the alternate complement pathway
requires a costimulatory signal to activate a naïve B cell
occurs following B-cell coreceptor binding to the antigen
requires a costimulatory signal to activate a naïve B cell
TI-1 antigens can induce a T-independent response by
binding to multiple immunoglobulin receptors and C3d through the B-cell coreceptor
binding soluble immunoglobulins before presenting to T-helper cells
binding to an immunoglobulin and a pattern recognition receptor on the B-cell surface
binding to multiple immunoglobulin receptors, leading to B-cell receptor clustering
undergoing antigen processing and presentation to dendritic cells
binding to an immunoglobulin and a pattern recognition receptor on the B-cell surface
Cleavage of C3b after binding to a pathogen surface is performed by
factor I
factor H
CD81
iC3b
CR2
factor I
Immunoglobulin receptors on the B-cell surface cluster together after antigen encounter because
one antigen can bind to several other antigens, enhancing binding by the B-cell receptor
the antigen has multiple identical epitopes on its surface, allowing binding of multiple B-cell receptors
Igα and Igβ interact with other CR2s on the B-cell surface, leading to crosslinking of these receptors
the B-cell coreceptor binds to C3b fixed on the surface of the pathogen
each B-cell receptor has different the cell surface, allowing each cell to bind different antigenic epitopes on the antigen
the antigen has multiple identical epitopes on its surface, allowing binding of multiple B-cell receptors
The first step in the activation of a naïve B cell is
phosphorylation of ITAMs on Igα and Igβ
a costimulatory signal through CD28 on the B cell with B7 on the T cell
clustering of membrane immunoglobulin receptors
recognition of antigen
signaling through Toll-like receptors
recognition of antigen
Activation of a naïve B cell occurs when membrane immunoglobulins bind to a specific antigen, and
present the antigen to T cells.
cluster on the B-cell surface.
bind to the CR2 complement receptor.
signal through CD28 receptors.
engulf the antigen.
cluster on the B-cell surface.
All of the following about the B-cell coreceptor are true except
CR2 is responsible for the binding required for the costimulatory signal.
the B-cell coreceptor has three transmembrane proteins.
the B-cell coreceptor plays a role similar to that of the T-cell coreceptor during lymphocyte activation.
CD19 is involved in stabilization of the coreceptor complex.
CR1 facilitates the cleavage of C3b by factor I to produce C3d.
CD19 is involved in stabilization of the coreceptor complex.
B-cell activation by T-dependent antigens involves interaction between a naïve B cell and a _ cell in the primary follicle.
follicular dendritic
plasma
centrocyte
cytotoxic T
thymocyte
follicular dendritic
The B-cell receptor is made up of three different polypeptides of which _ is responsible for the binding required for the costimulatory signal.
CD18
CD19
CD81
CR2
CR1
CR2
Which of the following is a T-dependent (TD) response?
Fixation of complement on a pathogen surface, followed by binding to the B-cell immunoglobulin and CR2.
Induction through B-cell receptor clustering on the B-cell membrane.
Binding of antigen to the B-cell receptor and a pattern recognition receptor on the B cell.
Antigen-presentation through MHC class II molecules on the B-cell surface to T-helper cells.
Presentation of antigen through MHC class I molecules on a host cell to cytotoxic T cells.
Antigen-presentation through MHC class II molecules on the B-cell surface to T-helper cells.
The first memory T cells produced during clonal expansion are T memory stem cells, which can differentiate into what types of cell(s)?
central memory T cells or resident memory T cells.
resident memory T cells only.
effector memory T cells only.
central memory T cells or effector memory T cells.
central memory T cells or effector memory T cells.
The incorporation of _ into vaccines helps to elicit an inflammatory response.
DNA
complement
adjuvants
cytokines
adjuvants
The secondary immune response is primed by _ cells.
memory
naïve B
naïve T helper
stem
memory
The secondary adaptive immune response to pathogens is faster than the first adaptive immune response due to the presence of what?
memory cells
cytotoxic T cells
NK cells
naïve B cells
memory cells
Memory B cells are quickly activated upon a second encounter with a pathogen, producing immunoglobulins that have undergone what process?
coreceptor editing
activation by naïve T-helper cells
somatic hypermutation and isotype switching
clonal deletion
somatic hypermutation and isotype switching
During a secondary immune response, naïve B cells _ if they recognize the same pathogen as a memory B cell.
express IgM
undergo somatic hypermutation
are inhibited
are activated
are inhibited
Activated B cells within germinal centers can
localize in the spleen and migrate into other secondary lymphoid tissues.
differentiate into B memory stem cells.
differentiate into effector plasma cells or memory B cells.
only function in the peripheral tissues.
differentiate into effector plasma cells or memory B cells.
The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, are _ vaccines.
viral protein
live virus
viral DNA
mRNA
mRNA
Which is the first class of immunoglobulin secreted by plasma cells during the primary response?
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgM
IgM
The English physician Edward Jenner developed a method of prevention known as vaccination. He discovered that inoculation of individuals with _ prevented the disease known as smallpox.
measles
syphilitic
cowpox
smallpox
cowpox
Which of the following is the correct definition of systemic immunity?
It is the innate and adaptive immune response that protects mucosal tissue.
It is the innate and adaptive immune responses that protect most of our body.
It is the components of the immune system found in the lamina propria.
It is the immune response that does not require induction of inflammation.
It is the innate and adaptive immune responses that protect most of our body.
Antibodies are important for protection during
both systemic and mucosal immunity.
systemic immunity only.
mucosal immunity only.
cell-mediated immunity only.
both systemic and mucosal immunity.
The most common immunoglobulin produced by plasma cells in the lamina propria is
IgM.
IgG.
IgE.
IgA.
IgA.
What role does the normal microbiota play in protecting mucosal surfaces?
It competes with pathogens for space and nutrients.
It breaks down antimicrobial products produced by epithelial cells of MALT.
It competes with pathogens for vitamins produced by epithelial cells of MALT.
It produces organic molecules that MALT uses for energy.
It competes with pathogens for space and nutrients.
The main function of the MALT is to
connect the lymphatic and circulatory systems.
induce an inflammatory response at mucosal surfaces.
centralize activation of an adaptive immune response at mucosal surfaces.
centralize activation of an innate immune response at mucosal surfaces.
centralize activation of an adaptive immune response at mucosal surfaces.
Which of the following occurs in mucosal immunity but not in systemic immunity?
The inflammatory response
Pathogens are delivered to the lamina propria through M cells.
Pathogens are destroyed and cleared.
Macrophage activation
Pathogens are delivered to the lamina propria through M cells.
All of the following are activated in a mucosal immune response except
dendritic cells.
T cells.
NFκB
macrophages.
NFκB
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events during a mucosal immune response?
Pathogen infection pathogen delivery to lamina propria pathogen destruction in lamina propria healthy mucosal tissue
Pathogen infection macrophage activation inflammatory response pathogen destruction in lamina propria
Pathogen infection dendritic cell activation inflammatory response pathogen destruction and clearance
Pathogen infection pathogen delivery to lamina propria inflammatory response pathogen destruction and clearance
Pathogen infection pathogen delivery to lamina propria pathogen destruction in lamina propria healthy mucosal tissue
Which of the following is a cell of innate immune system and would respond to proteins during a helminth infection by secreting IL-5 to promote activation of granulocytes?
Helper T cell
ILC1
ILC3
ILC2
ILC2
Intestinal macrophages, gut dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells function in the innate immune response to combat mucosal infection without inducing
mucus.
the typical inflammatory response.
cytokines.
the adaptive immune response.
the typical inflammatory response.
The RNA genome of influenza virus is replicated by a RNA polymerase that does not have proofreading abilities, thus errors can be introduced, changing the surface molecule structures in a process known as
epidemic shift.
mimicry.
antigenic drift.
antigenic shift.
antigenic drift.
Some bacteria perform degradation of IgA on mucosal surfaces using an IgA
protease.
antitoxin.
recombinase.
phosphatase.
protease.
An extracellular pathogen that can inhibit function of the actin cytoskeleton is
Treponema denticola.
Shigella flexneri.
Yersinia pestis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Yersinia pestis.
Many species of bacteria have multiple _ that that exhibit different surface molecules and thus are not recognized by the same immunoglobulins.
immunotypes
serotypes
erythrocytes
isotypes
serotypes
Viruses can incorporate their viral genomes into a host cell and undergo a dormant state known as
neutralization.
activation.
transmission.
latency.
latency.
The bacterial species Listeria monocytogenes escapes the phagosome after it is phagocytosed by creating holes in the phagosome membrane using
its polysaccharide capsule.
cadherins.
the toxin listeriolysin O.
its internalin molecule.
the toxin listeriolysin O.
When two variants of influenza virus enter the same host cell, new viruses containing aspects of both variants can be produced in a process is known as
antigenic drift.
antigenic shift.
epidemic shift.
mimicry.
antigenic shift.
A survival method used by an intracellular pathogen is to avoid _ fusion inside the phagocyte.
phagolysosome
ribosome
nucleosome
peroxisome
phagolysosome
Destruction of virus-infected host cells occurs primarily through the direct action of
T-helper cells.
cytotoxic T cells.
dendritic cells.
activated B cells.
cytotoxic T cells.
Destruction of virus-infected host cells occurs primarily through the direct action of
T-helper cells.
cytotoxic T cells.
dendritic cells.
activated B cells.
cytotoxic T cells.
A superantigen produced by bacteria can result in
the immune response becoming dysfunctional.
bacteria changing gene expression, resulting in disease.
alterations of the pathogenic surface molecules.
lack of recognition by the immune system.
the immune response becoming dysfunctional.
Individuals with Omenn syndrome lack which proteins from somatic recombination?
RAG1 or RAG2
Exonuclease I or DNA Ligase IV
Artemis or DNA PKCs
Ku70 or Ku80
RAG1 or RAG2
DiGeorge syndrome is caused by a missing or impaired
liver.
thymus.
pancreas.
spleen.
thymus.
B-cell immunodeficiencies are the most prevalent inherited immunodeficiencies because
innate or T-cell immunodeficiencies occur at the same rate but are not diagnosed.
inherited immunodeficiencies in B cells result in significant morbidity compared to other immunodeficiencies.
inherited immunodeficiencies in innate or T cells result in significant morbidity compared to B-cell immunodeficiencies.
all known B-cell immunodeficiencies are autosomal dominant, so occur frequently.
inherited immunodeficiencies in innate or T cells result in significant morbidity compared to B-cell immunodeficiencies.
In Chediak-Higashi syndrome, patients have defects in proteins that control lysosomal trafficking because
defective lysosomal trafficking impairs recognition of bacterial proteins by Toll-like receptors.
proteins that control lysosomal trafficking are also important for pinocytosis of foreign antigens.
defective lysosomal trafficking results in defective common myeloid progenitor cells and loss of phagocyte development.
lysosomes aren’t able to fuse with phagosomes, resulting in inefficient destruction of bacteria.
lysosomes aren’t able to fuse with phagosomes, resulting in inefficient destruction of bacteria.
Severe combined immunodeficiencies often are due to the lack of which cell subsets?
Granulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Classical NK cell deficiency can be caused by improper hematopoiesis due to haploinsufficiency of which transcription factor?
MCP10
NFAT
GATA2
NKG2D
GATA2
Patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) have low levels of plasma C2 and C4 complement proteins, resulting in potentially life-threatening conditions. Which protein is most commonly mutated in such patients?
C3
Factor I?
Factor P
C1INH
C1INH
What would be the expected phenotype of a mouse that does not express Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK)?
Lack of CD4
Lack of B-cells only
Lack of CD8
Lack of B and T-cells
Lack of B-cells only
_ immunodeficiency can be due to environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins.
Congenital
Inherited
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
The stimulation of an immune response by an innocuous substance is called
hypersensitivity.
activation.
inhibition.
anergy.
hypersensitivity.
_ are capable of secreting inflammatory mediators such as histamine and prostaglandins and toxic molecules, including major basic protein, peroxidase, cationic protein, and a cellular neurotoxin.
Plasma cells
Basophils
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Eosinophils
Mast cell degranulation can also activate smooth muscle fiber contraction, which
increases vasodilation and vascular permeability.
triggers the activation of TH2 helper T cells.
prompts coughing, sneezing, vomiting, or diarrhea to expel a pathogen from the mucosal tissue.
promotes migration of dendritic cells to draining lymphoid tissues to activate an adaptive immune response.
prompts coughing, sneezing, vomiting, or diarrhea to expel a pathogen from the mucosal tissue.
ABO blood types are determined by the presence or absence of the three glycolipid antigens,
H, A, and B.
AB, A, and B.
H, N, and A.
A, B, and O.
H, A, and B.
Molecules that can specifically trigger a type I hypersensitivity response are known as
leukotrienes.
antigens.
allergens.
histamines.
allergens.
Reactions caused by the production of immunoglobulins that recognize host cell-surface molecules and target cells containing these molecules via the complement pathway or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity are called type _ hypersensitivity reactions.
I
IV
III
II
II
Delayed-type reactions caused by the activation of T cells by a foreign, but harmless, antigen are called type _ hypersensitivity reactions.
III
I
II
IV
IV
Which type of reaction occurs when a small amount of allergen is injected into the skin via an insect bite or sting or as part of testing to diagnose specific allergies?
Wheal-and-flare
Urticaria (hives)
Asthma
Rhinitis
Wheal-and-flare
Reactions that occur when immunoglobulins stimulate an unwanted response following immune complex formation are called type _ hypersensitivity reactions.
III
II
IV
I
III
Inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, increase
T-cell activation by upregulating genes for IL-2 expression.
the rate at which naïve B cells are induced to undergo clonal expansion.
hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.
migration of other immune cells to the site of infection and also inhibit pathogen division and survival.
migration of other immune cells to the site of infection and also inhibit pathogen division and survival.
