23 exam 1 Flashcards
the term ‘vaccine’ is derived from the name of a virus that causes what disease?
cowpox
a molecule that can be used by the immune system to recognize an invader is called what?
antigen
what results in killing most pathogens during phagocytosis?
oxidative burst in the phagolysosome
which complement cascades involve the action of C2?
classical and lectin
what molecule is the main opsin of the complement cascade?
C3b
what molecular signal do Nod-like receptors recognize?
cell wall components
which antibody is produced in the primary immune response?
IgM
which of the following is NOT a direct function of antibodies in our immune system?
cytotoxicity
which of the following immune tissues does not have follicles?
thymus
which transcription factor is most important for commitment to T-cell development?
notch
which of these would represent an intracellular pathogen?
virus
which of the following is an agranulocyte?
lymphocyte
which of these is not a secondary lymphoid tissue?
thymus
which of these is famous for creating the first vaccine for rabies?
Pasteur
during an immune response, B-cells differentiate into what?
plasma cells
which of these cell types can arise from both myeloid and lymphoid precursors?
dendritic cell
what term refers to a state of being resistant to infection by a pathogen
immunity
which of the following is not a chemical barrier in our immune defenses
antibodies
the inactivation of the immune response to self antigens is called what
tolerance
RIG-1 is a cytosolic receptor that binds to what?
viral RNA
what is our immune system’s first line of defense?
skin
what term refers to the process where neutrophils leave circulation and enter tissues?
diapedesis
which of these is recognized by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)?
lipopolysaccharide
which of the following is not a proinflammatory cytokine?
interferon
which of these is true of toll-like receptors?
recognize pathogen-associated patterns
which protein must be degraded to allow signaling by Toll-like receptors to the nucleus?
IkB
which of these is not typical for an inflammatory response?
coolness
defective neutrophil clearance can result in chronic inflammation and the formation of what?
granuloma
what is the function of DAF in the complement cascade?
degrade C3 convertase
which of the complement cascades acts the fastest?
alternative
which complement protein forms the pore in the membrane attack complex?
C9
Which of these is not an important function of the complement cascade?
activate apoptosis of infected cells
which is the function of properdin in the complement cascade?
stabilize C3 convertase
which of these is the C3 convertase in the MBL complement cascade?
C2b4b
what is the function a2-macroglobulin in our serum?
sequester proteases
which of these proteins is only active in the alternative complement cascade?
Factor B
which proteins in the lectin cascade perform the same function as C1q2r2 in classical?
MASP
what part of our immune defenses are B-cell associated with?
humoral
what process is responsible for most of the diversity in antibody structure?
somatic recombination
what chains make up most of our T-cell receptors?
alpha and beta
what protein sends a signal via phosphorylation when T-cells are activated?
CD-3
what proteins would be found on the surface of a helper T-cell?
T-cell receptor and CD4
what sort of cytokine action is illustrated to the right? (molecules are leaving a cell and going to another nearby cell)
paracine
antibodies with differing in their antigen binding specificity would be
idiotypes
which of these regions is found in the beta chain of the T-cell receptor, but not the alpha chain?
D
what is the most important antibody in our mucosal defenses?
IgA
what is the progression of steps in T-cell development?
DN -> DP -> SP
what is the most important transcription factor for T-cell development?
notch
what happens to T-cells during development if they do not bind at all the MHC antigens?
death by neglect
which of these is not found in the thymus?
follicle
as T-cells enter the thymus from the bone marrow, they are ____
double negative
what happens to T-cells during development if they bind very tightly to MHC antigens?
negative selection
in our most common type of T-cells, which chain of their T-cell receptor is made first?
beta
what enzyme is critical for the process of somatic recombination?
RAG 1/2
what cell type does the final screening of newly formed T-cells in the medulla before they are released to circulation?
AIRE
bacteria that normally live in and on us are referred to as our ____
microbiota
____ is a kind of antibody often associated with hayfever allergies
IgE
our immune cells all arise from stem cells found in the ______
bone marrow
cells called _____ are tissue-specific phagocytes
macrophage
B-cells further differentiate into ____, which produce antibodies
plasma cells
lysozyme is an enzyme in our defenses that targets _____
peptidoglycan
signal molecules called _____ function as chemattractants for immune cells
chemokines
_____ are proteins produced by virally infected cells to warn other cells
interferons
caspase 1 in the inflammasome is important for processing _______
pro-IL1
The main anaphylotoxin in the complement system is _____
C5a
the function of properdin in the complement cascade is to _____ the C3 convertase
stabilize
C reactive protein acts as a(n) _____ in our serum
opsin
small peptides, called ______, are pore-forming molecules found in our secretions and blood
defensins
antigens are presented on MHC class 1 in the ____ pathway
endogenous
our immune memory cells are responsible for the rapid activation of the _____ response
secondary
T-cells complete their development in the _____
thymus
like antibody heavy chains, the T-cell receptor ____ chain contains D exons
beta
Gamma Delta T-cells are mostly found in our _____ as adults
mucosa
the signaling domain associated with the T-cell receptor is called ____
CD3
whereas, ____ is the signaling domain associated with the B-cell receptor
Ig alpha/beta
