23 exam 3 Flashcards
which is the first class of immunoglobulin secreted by plasma cells during the primary response
IgM
the secondary immune response is primed by ___ cells
memory
the English physician Edward Jenner developed a method of prevention known as vaccination. He discovered that inoculation of individuals with ____ prevented the disease known as smallpox
cowpox
the first memory T cells produced during clonal expansion are T memory stem cells, which can differentiation into what types of cell(s)
central memory T cells or effector memory T cells
the incorporation of ___ into vaccines helps to elicit an inflammatory response
adjuvants
what do memory B-cells directly produce when activated
plasma cells
which of these vaccines most closely mimics an actual infection
attenuated
what type of antibodies would be produced by the Sabin, but not the Salk polio vaccine
IgA
which of the following is the correct definition of systemic immunity
it is the innate and adaptive immune response that protect most of our body
Pneumovax 23 is a polysaccharide vaccine with proteins added. what kind of vaccine is this?
conjugate
antibodies are important for protection during
both systemic and mucosal immunity
the main function of MALT is to
centralize activation of an adaptive immune response at mucosal surfaces
intestinal macrophages, gust dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells function in the innate immune response to combat mucosal infection without inducing
the typical inflammatory response
which of the following is a cell of innate immune system and would respond to proteins during a helminth infection by secreting IL-5 to promote activation of granulocytes
ILC2
where are Peyer’s patches located in the immune defenses?
small intestine
which of these is an important helper cell in the lamina propria
TH17
what do NOD receptor bind to
bacterial cell wall components
what is the main function of the IgE response in the mucosa
fight off worm infections
a superantigen produced by bacteria can result in
the immune response becoming dysfunctional
the RNA genome of influenza virus is replicated by a RNA polymerase that does not have proofreading abilities, thus errors can be introduced, changing the surface molecule structures in a process known as
antigenic drift
viruses can incorporate their viral genomes into a host cell and undergo a dormant state known as
latency
a survival method used by an intracellular pathogen is to avoid ___ fusion inside the phagocyte
phagolysosome
an extracellular pathogen that can inhibit function of the actin cytoskeleton is
Yersinia pestis
which of the following is not an example of a super antigen
Diphtheria toxin
what viral protein is used by influenza virus to fuse with host cells
hemagglutinin
Cryptococcus neoformans evades the immune system by
surviving in the phagolysosome
what is the purpose of lysozyme in our immune defenses
destroy peptidoglycan cell walls
____ immunodeficiency can be due to environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins
secondary
severe combined immunodeficiencies often are due to the lack of which cell subsets
lymphocytes
patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) have low levels of plasma C2 and C4 complement proteins, resulting in potentially life-threatening conditions. which protein is most commonly mutated in such patients?
C1INH
classical nk cell deficiency can be caused by improper hematopoiesis due to haploinsufficiency of which transcription factor
GATA2
DiGeorge syndrome is caused by a missing or impaired
thymus
what is the most common type of immunodeficiency
B-cell
which of these conditions is due to a defect in NADPH oxidase activity
chronic granulomatous disease
what is the main treatment for SCID patients
bone marrow transplant
what immune cells are most directly impacted by an HIV infection
helper T-cells
the stimulation of an immune response by an innocuous substance is called
hypersensitivity
reactions caused by the production of immunoglobulins that recognize host cell-surface molecules and target cells containing these molecules via the complement pathway or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity are called ____ hypersensitivity reactions
type II
inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha, increase
migration of other immune cells to the site of infection and also inhibit pathogen division and survival
___ are capable of secreting inflammatory mediators such as histamine and prostaglandins and toxic molecules, including major basic protein, peroxidase, cationic protein, and a cellular neurotoxin
eosinophils
ABO blood types are determined by the presence or absence of the three glycolipids antigens
H, A, and B
what is the universal donor blood type
O
which of the following is not a granulocytes involved in a type I hypersensitivity
neutrophil
a wide-spread systemic type I hypersensitivity response is called what
anaphylaxis
what type of hypersensitivity involves excess immune complex formation
type III
bacterial proteins tend to be what type of antigens
T-dependent
what protein makes up the second signal for B-cell activation
CD40
what type of cells secrete antibodies into the serum
plasma cells
where does antibody affinity maturation take place
follicle
what enzyme is most associated with antibody isotype switching
AID
phagocytes tend to use ___ to recognize antibody opsonized pathogens
FcyRI
what type of antibodies can a person with type O blood maintain in their serum
both anti-A and anti-B
what type of vaccine was the Pfizer COVID shot
mRNA
which antibody isotype deficiency would most impact mucosal defenses
IgA
which bacterial structure is associated with the K antigen
capsule
Tscm cells are found mostly in ___ tissue
lymphoid
unlike naive T-cells, memory T-cells express the ___ isoform
nosocomial
___ involves using a mild form of small pox virus to percent a worse infection by small pox
variolation
it is now widely accepted that vaccines ___ associated with autism
are not
glycoproteins called ___ are an important part of our lung and gut defenses
mucins
the process of antigen transcytosis in the gut epithelium is mostly done by ____
microfold cells (m cells)
most plasma cells in our bodies are found in the ____
mucosa
____ is used by influenza virus to release from infected cells
neuraminidase
influenza viruses undergo antigenic ___ through genetic recombination or reassortment
shift
a ___ disease is one that passes from animals to humans
zoonotic
lipopolysaccharide is also known as the
O antigen
HIV is an example of an ___ immunodeficiency
acquired
severe combined immunodeficiency is due to a defect in ___
RAG1/RAG2
the worst immunodeficiencies affect the ___ immune defenses
innate
HIV uses the enzyme ___ to replicated in humans
reverse transcriptase
hayfever allergies are associated with ___ antibodies
IgE
a type ___ hypersensitivity is associated with the arthus reaction
III
___ is another (more complicated) term for hives
urticaria
poison ivy is an example of a type ___ hypersensitivity
IV
___ are a major type of T-cells in the lamina propria
TH17
