23 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

which is the first class of immunoglobulin secreted by plasma cells during the primary response

A

IgM

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2
Q

the secondary immune response is primed by ___ cells

A

memory

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3
Q

the English physician Edward Jenner developed a method of prevention known as vaccination. He discovered that inoculation of individuals with ____ prevented the disease known as smallpox

A

cowpox

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4
Q

the first memory T cells produced during clonal expansion are T memory stem cells, which can differentiation into what types of cell(s)

A

central memory T cells or effector memory T cells

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5
Q

the incorporation of ___ into vaccines helps to elicit an inflammatory response

A

adjuvants

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6
Q

what do memory B-cells directly produce when activated

A

plasma cells

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7
Q

which of these vaccines most closely mimics an actual infection

A

attenuated

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8
Q

what type of antibodies would be produced by the Sabin, but not the Salk polio vaccine

A

IgA

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9
Q

which of the following is the correct definition of systemic immunity

A

it is the innate and adaptive immune response that protect most of our body

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10
Q

Pneumovax 23 is a polysaccharide vaccine with proteins added. what kind of vaccine is this?

A

conjugate

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11
Q

antibodies are important for protection during

A

both systemic and mucosal immunity

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12
Q

the main function of MALT is to

A

centralize activation of an adaptive immune response at mucosal surfaces

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13
Q

intestinal macrophages, gust dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells function in the innate immune response to combat mucosal infection without inducing

A

the typical inflammatory response

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14
Q

which of the following is a cell of innate immune system and would respond to proteins during a helminth infection by secreting IL-5 to promote activation of granulocytes

A

ILC2

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15
Q

where are Peyer’s patches located in the immune defenses?

A

small intestine

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16
Q

which of these is an important helper cell in the lamina propria

A

TH17

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17
Q

what do NOD receptor bind to

A

bacterial cell wall components

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18
Q

what is the main function of the IgE response in the mucosa

A

fight off worm infections

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19
Q

a superantigen produced by bacteria can result in

A

the immune response becoming dysfunctional

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20
Q

the RNA genome of influenza virus is replicated by a RNA polymerase that does not have proofreading abilities, thus errors can be introduced, changing the surface molecule structures in a process known as

A

antigenic drift

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21
Q

viruses can incorporate their viral genomes into a host cell and undergo a dormant state known as

A

latency

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22
Q

a survival method used by an intracellular pathogen is to avoid ___ fusion inside the phagocyte

A

phagolysosome

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23
Q

an extracellular pathogen that can inhibit function of the actin cytoskeleton is

A

Yersinia pestis

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24
Q

which of the following is not an example of a super antigen

A

Diphtheria toxin

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25
Q

what viral protein is used by influenza virus to fuse with host cells

A

hemagglutinin

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26
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans evades the immune system by

A

surviving in the phagolysosome

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27
Q

what is the purpose of lysozyme in our immune defenses

A

destroy peptidoglycan cell walls

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28
Q

____ immunodeficiency can be due to environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins

A

secondary

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29
Q

severe combined immunodeficiencies often are due to the lack of which cell subsets

A

lymphocytes

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30
Q

patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) have low levels of plasma C2 and C4 complement proteins, resulting in potentially life-threatening conditions. which protein is most commonly mutated in such patients?

A

C1INH

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31
Q

classical nk cell deficiency can be caused by improper hematopoiesis due to haploinsufficiency of which transcription factor

A

GATA2

32
Q

DiGeorge syndrome is caused by a missing or impaired

A

thymus

33
Q

what is the most common type of immunodeficiency

A

B-cell

34
Q

which of these conditions is due to a defect in NADPH oxidase activity

A

chronic granulomatous disease

35
Q

what is the main treatment for SCID patients

A

bone marrow transplant

36
Q

what immune cells are most directly impacted by an HIV infection

A

helper T-cells

37
Q

the stimulation of an immune response by an innocuous substance is called

A

hypersensitivity

38
Q

reactions caused by the production of immunoglobulins that recognize host cell-surface molecules and target cells containing these molecules via the complement pathway or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity are called ____ hypersensitivity reactions

A

type II

39
Q

inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha, increase

A

migration of other immune cells to the site of infection and also inhibit pathogen division and survival

40
Q

___ are capable of secreting inflammatory mediators such as histamine and prostaglandins and toxic molecules, including major basic protein, peroxidase, cationic protein, and a cellular neurotoxin

A

eosinophils

41
Q

ABO blood types are determined by the presence or absence of the three glycolipids antigens

A

H, A, and B

42
Q

what is the universal donor blood type

A

O

43
Q

which of the following is not a granulocytes involved in a type I hypersensitivity

A

neutrophil

44
Q

a wide-spread systemic type I hypersensitivity response is called what

A

anaphylaxis

45
Q

what type of hypersensitivity involves excess immune complex formation

A

type III

46
Q

bacterial proteins tend to be what type of antigens

A

T-dependent

47
Q

what protein makes up the second signal for B-cell activation

A

CD40

48
Q

what type of cells secrete antibodies into the serum

A

plasma cells

49
Q

where does antibody affinity maturation take place

A

follicle

50
Q

what enzyme is most associated with antibody isotype switching

A

AID

51
Q

phagocytes tend to use ___ to recognize antibody opsonized pathogens

A

FcyRI

52
Q

what type of antibodies can a person with type O blood maintain in their serum

A

both anti-A and anti-B

53
Q

what type of vaccine was the Pfizer COVID shot

A

mRNA

54
Q

which antibody isotype deficiency would most impact mucosal defenses

A

IgA

55
Q

which bacterial structure is associated with the K antigen

A

capsule

56
Q

Tscm cells are found mostly in ___ tissue

A

lymphoid

57
Q

unlike naive T-cells, memory T-cells express the ___ isoform

A

nosocomial

58
Q

___ involves using a mild form of small pox virus to percent a worse infection by small pox

A

variolation

59
Q

it is now widely accepted that vaccines ___ associated with autism

A

are not

60
Q

glycoproteins called ___ are an important part of our lung and gut defenses

A

mucins

61
Q

the process of antigen transcytosis in the gut epithelium is mostly done by ____

A

microfold cells (m cells)

62
Q

most plasma cells in our bodies are found in the ____

A

mucosa

63
Q

____ is used by influenza virus to release from infected cells

A

neuraminidase

64
Q

influenza viruses undergo antigenic ___ through genetic recombination or reassortment

A

shift

65
Q

a ___ disease is one that passes from animals to humans

A

zoonotic

66
Q

lipopolysaccharide is also known as the

A

O antigen

67
Q

HIV is an example of an ___ immunodeficiency

A

acquired

68
Q

severe combined immunodeficiency is due to a defect in ___

A

RAG1/RAG2

69
Q

the worst immunodeficiencies affect the ___ immune defenses

A

innate

70
Q

HIV uses the enzyme ___ to replicated in humans

A

reverse transcriptase

71
Q

hayfever allergies are associated with ___ antibodies

A

IgE

72
Q

a type ___ hypersensitivity is associated with the arthus reaction

A

III

73
Q

___ is another (more complicated) term for hives

A

urticaria

74
Q

poison ivy is an example of a type ___ hypersensitivity

A

IV

75
Q

___ are a major type of T-cells in the lamina propria

A

TH17