Exam 2 Quizlet questions Flashcards by Kyah Birdsall

What part of our immune defenses is most associated with neutrophil action?

a. Innate
b. Adaptive
c. Humoral
d. Cell-mediated

innate

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Where would you find the most T-cells in the spleen?

a. PALS
b. Follicle
c. Marginal zone
d. Red pulp

PALS

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Which of these antibodies is most associated with hay fever allergies?

a. IgA
b. IgG
c. IgE
d. IgM

IgE

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What is the role of RAG in antibody function?

a. Templated nucleotide addition
b. Somatic hypermutation
c. Non-templated nucleotide addition
d. Formation of splice junctions

Formation of splice Junctions

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What proteins make up the pre-B-cell receptor?

a. Two surrogate chains
b. A light chain and a surrogate chain
c. A heavy chain and a surrogate chain
d. A heavy chain and a light chain

A heavy chain and a surrogate chain

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Which of the following skin grafts would fail due to MHC incompatibility?

a. A graft from a b/b homozygous donor to a b/k heterozygous recipient
b. A graft from a b/k heterozygous donor to a b/b homozygous recipient
c. A graft from a b/k heterozygous donor to a b/k heterozygous recipient
d. A graft from a k/k homozygous donor to a b/k heterozygoes recipient

A graft from a b/k heterozygous donor to a b/b homozygous recipient

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Which cluster of MHC genes includes complement proteins?

a. Class I
b. Class II
c. Class III
d. None of these

Class III

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Negative selection of T-cells occurs when the T cells ___________.

a. Fail to bond to self MHC molecules at all
b. Bind to self MHC molecules with low affinity
c. Bind to self MHC molecules with intermediate affinity
d. Bind to self MHC molecules with high affinity

Bind to self MHC molecules with high affinity

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Which of these proteins induces expression of tissue-specific proteins in thymic epithelial cells?

a. RAG1/RAG2
b. Igα/ Igβ
c. AIRE
d. TdT

AIRE

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Which of these statements is true of T1 B-cells?

a. They are a special subset of T-cells
b. They are found mostly in the PALS of the spleen
c. They are formed early in the bone marrow
c. They secrete large amounts of antibodies

They are found mostly in the PALS of the spleen

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How do T-cell and B-cell development differ?

a. B-cells are negatively selected, but T-cells are not
b. T-cells are negatively selected, but B-cells are not
c. B-cells are positively selected, but T-cells are not
d. T-cells are positively selected, but B-cells are not

T-cells are positively selected, but B-cells are not

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What sort of T-cells are most involved in responding to viral infections?

a. TH1
b. TH2
c. TH17
d. TFH

TH1

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Which of the following molecules would NOT be found on a cytotoxic T-cell?

a. CD3
b. CD4
c. CD8
d. T-cell receptor

CD4

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Which of the following is the best example of a T-independent type I antigen?

a. Lipopolysaccharide
b. Bacterial capsule
c. Secreted proteins
d. Superantigens

Lipopolysaccharide

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The presence of IL-4 will bias B-cells to produce more ___________.

a. IgG2
b. IgG1
c. IgA
d. IgM

IgG1

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When IL-1 produced at the site of infection results in systemic fever, what sort of action is it?

a. Autocrine
b. Paracrine
c. Endocrine
d. Gap Junction

Endocrine

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Which of these cytokines is produced to inhibit viral replication?

a. IL-1
b. TGFβ
c. IL-4
d. Interferon

Interferon

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What is the function of C2bC4bC3b in the classical complement cascade?

a. C5 convertase
b. Initiation complex
c. Membrane attack complex
d. C3 convertase

C5 convertase

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___________________ is when one copy of a gene is expressed and the other is silenced.

a. Somatic recombination
b. Somatic hypermutation
c. Negative selection
d. Allelic exclusion

Allelic exculsion

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Non-templated nucleotide additions to receptor proteins are added by which enzyme?

a. AIRE
b. TdT
c. RAG1
d. AID

TdT

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How is MHC diversity generated in a population?

a. Somatic recombination
b. Alternative RNA splicing
c. Somatic hypermutation
d. Codominant expression of polyclonal alleles

Codominant expression of polyclonal alleles

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Assume that k/k homozygous mice were infected with a virus and their cytotoxic T-cells were harvested. Which of these conditions would lead to target cell death in vitro when the Tc cells were added?

a. k/k target cells alone
b. b/b target cells alone
c. k/k target cells infected by the virus
d. b/b target cells infected by the virus

b/b target cells alone

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Which of these is the correct progression of T-cell development?

a. Double negative -> Single positive -> Double positive
b. Double negative -> Double positive -> Single positive
c. Double positive -> Single positive -> Double negative
d. Double positive -> Double negative -> Single positive

Double negative -> Double positive -> Single positive

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T-cell receptor rearrangement occurs primarily in which stage of development?

a. Double negative 1
b. Double negative 2
c. Double negative 3
d. Double negative 4

Double negative 3

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Which model of T-cell development predicts that lymphocytes randomly select either CD4 or CD8 and then get stimulated later? a. Instructive model b. Stochastic model c. Kinetic signaling model d. Two signal model

Stochastic model

Which of these is true of T3 B-cells? a. They have become unresponsive to antigens b. They populate the marginal zone of the spleen c. They proliferate in the follicles of the lymphatic tissues d. They are still undergoing negative selection

They have become unresponsive to antigens

What type of T-cells are most important in helping B-cells to be activated? a. TH1 b. TH2 c. Treg d. TFH

TFH

What is the function of polarizing cytokines in T-cell development? a. Attract the cells to the follicle b. Non-specifically stimulate cells c. Decide the ultimate subset of cell formed d. Initiate early proliferation

Decide the ultimate subset of cell formed

What process improves the affinity of antibodies after the activation of B-cells? a. Somatic hypermutation b. Somatic recombination c. Non-templated nucleotide addition d. Templated nucleotide addition

Somatic Hypermutation

Which of these is true of a memory cell but NOT a naive B-cell? a. The generation of a response takes 7 to 10 days b. Produces mostly IgM c. Produces 100x more antibody d. Is relatively short lived

Produces 100x more antibody

IgG molecules from different individuals that are specific for the same antigen are called _______________.

Allotypes

The primary immune response results in mostly ___________ isotype antibody formation.

IgM

The alternative pathway complement cascade begins when ___________ interacts with a pathogen.

Somatic hypermutation occurs primarily in the _____________ of lymph nodes.

follicle

Antibody genes are located on ________ chromosomes in humans.

Presentation on MHC class I molecules is also referred to as the _________________________ pathway.

endogenous

____________________ cells are MHC class II restricted in humans

CD4 + T

________________ is the condition where immune cells are unable to respond to an antigen.

AIDS

Lymphocytes called _______________ work to suppress the immune response and maintain homeostasis..

Treg

Hardy stage D B-cells correspond to the ___________ Basel stage.

Small pre-B

B-1 B-cells are located mostly in ______________

tissues

During T-cell activation, IL-2 mostly acts in a(n) ___________ fashion

autocrine

________________ are molecules that can non-specifically activate many T-cells

Superantigens

Within minutes of binding antigen, B-cell exhibit _________________ behavior.

membrane spreading

__________________ is when a B-cell decides to make IgG instead of IgM.

class switching

In humans, IgG and IgE are the heavy chain isotypes of B cell receptors in naîve B cells.

false M and D

Class switching is driven by the protein AID in B cells.

true

V(d)J rearrangement is stimulated by antigen recognition.

false

In humans, Igλ and Igκ are types of light chain loci present on seperate chromosomes.

True. Igλ is on chromosome 22 and Igκ is on chromosome 2

In mammals, T cell maturation occurs in the __________ and B cell maturation occurs in the __________. A. Thymus; lymph node B. Bone marrow; thymus C. Bone marrow; lymph node D. Thymus; bone marrow E. None of the above

Thymus;bone marrow

Naïve T cells enter the lymph node through which structure? A. Afferent lymphatics B. Efferent lymphatics C. High endothelial venules D. Marginal zone E. None of the above

High endothelial venules

Antibodies can: A. Neutralize toxins B. Agglutinate bacteria C. Target pathogens for destruction D. Provide passive immunization E. All of the above

All of the above

Generation of antibody diversity is enhanced by all the following EXCEPT: A. P-nucleotide addition B. Multiple germ-line gene segments C. Combinatorial diversity D. Allelic exclusion E. All of the above

Allelic exculsion

A B cell failed to produce a productive antibody heavy chain during its first attempt at VDJ Ig recombination. What happens next? A. Recombination from the 2nd heavy chain Ig allele takes place. B. The cell undergoes apoptosis for the nonproductive heavy chain. C. Recombination for the light chain Ig takes place. D. The heavy chain is expressed on the plasma membrane. E. The cell secretes cytokines to signal for T cell help.

Recombination from the 2nd heavy chain Ig allele takes place

Immature B cells in the bone marrow that are found to bear self-antigen reactive BCRs can undergo with of the following? A. Clonal deletion B. Light chain receptor editing C. Development of anergy D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

all of the above

What type of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs during B cell progenitor development? A. DH-JH rearrangement B. DL-JL rearrangement C. VH-DJH rearrangement D. VL-DJL rearrangement E. VDJH and VJL rearrangement

VDJH and VJL rearrangement

At what stage during B cell development is membrane bound IgM expressed? A. Pre-pro B B. Pro B C. Pre-B D. Immature B E. Mature B

Immature B

List the following options in the correct order of T cell development (First process on the left, last process is on the right): 1. Multipotent TSP migrates to cortex 2. α-TCR recombination 3. Begins β-TCR recombination and fully commits to T cell lineage 4. Expresses pre-TCR 5. Expresses mature TCR, CD4, and CD8 A. 1<3<2<4<5 B. 3<2<1<4<5 C. 2<1<4<3<5 D. 1<2<3<4<5 E. 1<3<4<2<5

1<3<4<2<5

Which class of antibodies is the first to be produced during the primary immune response? A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE D. IgG E. IgM

IgM

During this stage of T cell development, the cells undergo proliferation to make many cells with the same TCR β protein before completing α-chain rearrangement. A. DN1 B. DN2 C. DN3 D. DN4 E. DP

DN4

Tregs (regulatory T cells): A. Can be produced by activation of the transcription factor FoxP3. B. Are antigen specific. C. Are an alternative to the clonal deletion of negative selection. D. Can suppress other T cells. E. All of the above.

all of the above

A naïve T cell binds to a pancreatic islet β cell presenting the insulin protein on its MHC I molecules. The T cell receives activation signal 1 from this interaction. What happens next? A. The T cell will receive a costimulatory signal from the β cell. B. The T cell will become anergic because it will not receive a costimulatory signal from the β cell. C. The T cell will start secreting cytokines.

The T cell will become anergic because it will not receive a costimulatory signal from the β cell.