Module 9 Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
3 lines of defense mechanisms
A
physical mechanisms, cellular mechanisms, and humoral defense mechanisms
2
Q
Physical mechanisms
A
skin, mucous membranes, chemicals in perspiration, saliva and tears, hairs in the nostrils, cilia and mucus to protect the lungs
3
Q
cellular mechanisms
A
based on lymphocytes that directly attack suspicious cells such as cancer cells, transplanted tissue cells, or cells infected with viruses or parasites; lymphatic system
4
Q
humoral defense mechanism
A
based on antibodies in body fluids that bind to bacteria, toxins, and extracellular viruses tagging them for destruction; immune system
5
Q
3 components in lymphatic system
A
- lymphatic capillaries and vessels
- immune cells
- lymph
6
Q
lymph
A
clear colorless fluid similar to blood plasma but whose composition varies from place to place in the body; flows through network of lymphatic capillaries and vessles
7
Q
3 functions of lymphatic system
A
- absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
- remove foreign chemicals, cells, and debris from the tissues
- absorb dietary lipids from the small intestine
8
Q
lymphatic capillaries
A
closed-ended tubes nestled among blood capillary networks; designed to let interstitial fluid enter and become lymph
9
Q
2 main lymphatic ducts
A
- right lymphatic duct receives lymph from right arm, right side of thorax, and right side of head and drains into the right subclavian vein
- thoracic duct on the left, the largest lymphatic vessel, receives lymph from both sides of the body below the diaphragm from the left arm, left side of the head, and left thorax
10
Q
allergen
A
substance producing a hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction
11
Q
antibody
A
protein produced in response to an antigen
12
Q
humoral
A
defense mechanism arising from antibodies in the blood
13
Q
immunoglobulin
A
specific protein evoked by an antigen; all antibodies are immunoglobulins
14
Q
lymphocytes
A
small WBC with a nucleus
15
Q
pathogen
A
disease-causing microorganism
16
Q
pollutant
A
substance that makes an environment unclean or impure
17
Q
toxin
A
poisonous substance formed by a cell or organism
18
Q
lymphatic follicles
A
dense clusters of lymphocytes and other cells present in tonsils, adenoids, and ileum
19
Q
T lymphocytes
A
aka T cells; mature in thymus; make up 75-85% of body lymphocytes include 4 types: cytotoxic (“Killer” t cells), Helper T cells, Memory T Cells, Suppressor T Cells
20
Q
B lymphocytes
A
aka B cells; mature in bone marrow; 15-25% of lymphocytes; activated by helper T cells, respond to a specific antigen, and cause the production of antibodies called immunoglobulins (Ig); mature cells are called plasma cells
21
Q
Null Cells
A
large granular lymphocytes that are natural killer cells but lack the specific surface markers of the T and B lymphocytes
22
Q
Macrophages
A
develop from monocytes that have migrated from blood; ingest and destroy tissue debris, bacteria, and other foreign matter
23
Q
4 types of lymphatic tissue cells:
A
- T cells
- B Cells
- Null Cells
- Macrophages
24
Q
coreceptor
A
cell surface protein to enhance the sensitivity of an antigen receptor
25
cytotoxic
agent able to destroy cells
26
spleen
largest lymphatic organ; in LUQ
27
two basic types of tissue in the spleen
1. white pulp- immune system that produces t cells, b cells, and macrophages
2. red pulp- acts a reservoir for erythrocytes, platelets, and macrophages that remove old and defective erythrocytes
28
functions of the spleen:
1. produce t cells, b cells, and macrophages
2. phagocytize bacteria and other foreign materials
3. initiate an immune response to produce antibodies when antigens are found in the blood
4. phagocytize old, defective RBCs and platelets
5. serve as a reservoir for RBCs and platelets
29
tonsils
two masses of lymphatic tissue located at entrance to oropharynx where they entrap inhaled and ingested pathogens; traps bacteria and viruses and drain them into the tonsillar lymph nodes
30
adenoids
lymphatic tissue on the posterior wall of nasopharynx; traps bacteria and viruses and drain them into the tonsillar lymph nodes
31
thymus gland
both endocrine and lymphatic functions; t cells develop and mature in it and are released into the bloodstream; largest in infancy in childhood an dis eventually replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue
32
cervical nodes
lymph nodes in neck
33
lymphadenopathy
lymph node enlargement
34
lymphoma
malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic organs, usually the lymph nodes
35
Hodgkin lymphoma
characterized by the presence of abnormal, cancerous B cells called Reed-Sternberg cells; spreads to adjoining lymph nodes; treatments: radiation, chemotherapy, and autologous bone marrow transplant
36
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
more frequent in occurrence than Hodgkin lymphoma; some 30 difference disease entities and 10 different subtypes
37
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils and adenoids; occurs mostly in the first years of life; can be bacterial or viral
38
hypersplenism
condition in which the spleen removes blood components at an excessive rate
39
lymphaden-
lymph node
40
lymphangio-
lymphatic vessels
41
lymphangiogram
radiographic images of lymph vessels and nodes following injection of contrast material
42
lymphadema
tissue swelling due to lymphatic obstruction
43
3 characteristics unique to the immune system:
1. specificity
2. memory
3. discrimination
44
hapten
small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen
45
resistance
ability of an organism to withstand the effects of an antagonistic agent
46
specificity
state of having a fixed relation of a particular entity
47
2 types of immunity
1. cellular- direct form of defense based on the actions of lymphocytes to attack foreign and diseased cells and destroy them
2. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity-indirect form of attack that employs antibodies produced by plasma cells which have been developed from B cells
48
immunoglobulins
Igs; specific protein evoked by an antigen; all antibodies are immunoglobulins
49
5 classes of antibodies:
1. IgG- 80% of antibodies, found in plasma and tissue fluids
2. IgA 13% of antibodies; found in exocrine secretions such as breast milk, tears, saliva, etc.
3. IgM- 6%; develops in response to antigens in food or bacteria
4. IgD- found on the surface of B cells and acts as a receptor for antigens
5. IgE- found in exocrine secretions along with IgA
50
functions of antibodies to make antigens harmless:
1. neutralization
2. agglutination
3. precipitation
4. complement fixation
51
neutralization
antibody binds to antigen and masks it
52
agglutination
antibody binds to two or more bacteria to prevent them from spreading through tissues
53
precipitation
antibody creates an antigen-antibody complex that is too heavy to stay in solution
54
complement fixation
complement system is a group of 20 or more proteins continually present in blood plasma; IgG and IgM bind to foreign cells, initiating the binding of the complement to the cell and leading to its destruction; major defense mechanism against bacteria and mismatched blood cells
55
4 classes of immunity based on production or acquisition of antibodies
1. natural active immunity
2. artificial active immunity
3. natural passive immunity
4. artificial passive immunity
56
natural active immunity
production of your own antibodies as a result of normal maturation, pregnancy or an infection
57
artificial active immunity
production of your own antibodies as a result of a vaccination or immunization
58
natural passive immunity
temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies from another individual; occurs for the fetus through the placenta (IgG) of for the infant through breastmilk (IgA)
59
artificial passive immunity
temporary immunity that results from the injection of an immune serum from another individual or an animal; immune serum is used to treat snakebite, tetanus, and rabies
60
attenuate
weaken the ability of an organism to produce disease
61
immune serum
antiserum; serum taken from another human or animal that has antibodies to a disease
62
hypersensitivity
excessive immune response to an antigen that would normally be tolerated: includes: allergies, autoimmune disorders, alloimmune disorders
63
alloimmune disorders
reactions to tissues transplanted from another person
64
anaphylaxis
acute, immediate, and severe allergic reaction; relieved by antihistimines
65
examples of autoimmune disorders:
lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis
66
immunodeficiency disorders:
1. congenital
2. immunosuppression
3. acquired immunodeficiency
67
allogen
antigen from someone else in the same species
68
alloimmune
reaction directed against foreign tissue
69
histamine
compound liberated in tissues as a result of injury or an allergic response
70
immunosuppression
suppression of an immune response by an outside agent, such as a drug
71
urticaria
hives; rash of itchy wheals
72
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus; one of a virus known as retrovirus; invades helper T cells and cells in upper respiratory tract and CNS; can lay dormant for a few months to 12 years; virus destroys CD4 cells and antibodies cannot be produced;
73
retrovirus
virus that replicates in a host cell by converting its RNA core into DNA
74
sarcoma
malignant tumor originating in connective tissue
75
Kaposi sarcoma
malignancy often seen in AIDS patients
76
immunoassay
biochemical test that uses the reaction of an antibody to its antigen to measure the amount of substance in a liquid
77
radioallergosorbent
a radioimmunoassay to detect IgE-bound allergens responsible for tissue hypersensitivity
78
radioimmunoassay
immunoassay of a substance that has been radioactively labeled
79
immunotherapy
AKA biologic therapy; designed to boost the body's natural defense against cancer using substances either made in the lab or made by the body
80
types of immunotherapy
monoclonal antibodies, interferons, interleukins
81
monoclonal antibodies
made in lab, can attach to cancer cells to flag them for destruction;
82
interferons
nonspecific immunotherapy mostly given at the same time as other cancer treatments such as chemo or radiation; most common called interferon alpha that's made in a lab
83
interleukins
nonspecific immunotherapy used to treat kidney and skin cancers including melanoma
84
human immunoglobulins
given by injection to confer passive (temporary) immunity that provides immediate protection lasting several weeks
85
two types of human immunoglobulins
1. human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)- made from plasma of about 1,000 unselected donors to provide antibodies against HepA, rubella, measles, and other viruses found in the general pop.
2. Hyperimmune specific immunoglobulins- made from selected donors and provide antibodies individually against HepB, varicella zoster, rabies, tetanus, and cytomegalovirus
86
Immunosuppressant drugs
inhibit or prevent the activity of the immune system and are used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues, treat autoimmune diseases, and help control long-term allergic asthma; four main types: glucocorticoids, cytostatics, antibodies, calcineurin
87
glucocorticoids
suppress cell-mediated immunity and protect through T-cells and macrophages and by stimulating cells to secrete cytokines
88
cytostatics
inhibit cell division; Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) most potent immunosuppressant; methotrexate interferes with the synthesis of nucleic acids; azathioprine (Imuran) main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance
89
antibodies
used as a quick immunosuppressive therapy
90
calcineurin
is a phosphate that stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cells; calcineurin inhibitors such as ciclosporin (Sandimmune), tacrolimus (Prograf), and sirolimus (Rapamune) are used in the prevention and treatment of transplant rejection reactions
91
alkylation
introduction of a side chain into a compound
92
antimetabolite
a substance that antagonized another substance
93
cytokine
a hormone-like protein that regulates the intensity of an immune response
94
cytostatic
inhibiting cell division
95
immunoglobulin
specific protein (antibody) generated by an antigen
96
interferon
a small protein produced by T-cells in response to an infection
97
interleukin
a group of cytokines synthesized by WBCs
98
monoclonal
derived in the lab from a protein from a single colony of cells
99
immune system protects from:
pathogens, allergens, toxins, and malignant cells
100
Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus
SLE; complications: blood clots, carditis, stroke, lung damage, or death; often diagnosed in women of child-bearing age;
101
SLE symptoms
intense fatigue, skin rashes ("butterfly" rash across face), joint pain, thinking and memory problems; but Lupus Foundation says there are no two people who have the same SLE symptoms or treatment
102
SLE treatment
help symptoms but won't cure SLE; NSAIDS, lowdose immunosuppression mediaction, or a short course of corticosteroids
103
aden/o
gland
104
immun/o
immune, immunity, safe
105
kary/o
nucleus
106
lymphaden/o
lymph node
107
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
108
morph/o
form, shape, structure
109
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
110
plas/o
formation, growth
111
poikil/o
varied, irregular
112
-phoresis
carrying, transmission
113
-phylaxis
protection
114
excision
surgical procedure that cuts off our out a portion of a body par without replacing the part removed; ex. lumpectomy
115
resection
procedure that cuts off/out ALL of a body part without removal; ex removal of entire lymph node chain
116
extraction
procedure that pulls off/out all or part of a body part without replacement; ex. bone marrow aspiration
117
antimicrobials
names: Trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, Bactrim, Septra, metronidazole, Flagyl
118
Antivirals
names: Nelfinavir, Viracept, lamivudine/ zidovudine, Combivir
119
immunotherapy
routes: intravenous, intramuscular
Names: interleukins, HepB vaccine, Herpes Zoster vaccine; Tetanus vaccine
120
Immunosuppressant
Routes: oral, intramuscular, intravenous
Names: Methotrexate, Cytoxan, Imuran, Prograf
