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Med Term > Module 9 Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Module 9 Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

3 lines of defense mechanisms

A

physical mechanisms, cellular mechanisms, and humoral defense mechanisms

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2
Q

Physical mechanisms

A

skin, mucous membranes, chemicals in perspiration, saliva and tears, hairs in the nostrils, cilia and mucus to protect the lungs

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3
Q

cellular mechanisms

A

based on lymphocytes that directly attack suspicious cells such as cancer cells, transplanted tissue cells, or cells infected with viruses or parasites; lymphatic system

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4
Q

humoral defense mechanism

A

based on antibodies in body fluids that bind to bacteria, toxins, and extracellular viruses tagging them for destruction; immune system

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5
Q

3 components in lymphatic system

A
  1. lymphatic capillaries and vessels
  2. immune cells
  3. lymph
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6
Q

lymph

A

clear colorless fluid similar to blood plasma but whose composition varies from place to place in the body; flows through network of lymphatic capillaries and vessles

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7
Q

3 functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
  2. remove foreign chemicals, cells, and debris from the tissues
  3. absorb dietary lipids from the small intestine
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8
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

closed-ended tubes nestled among blood capillary networks; designed to let interstitial fluid enter and become lymph

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9
Q

2 main lymphatic ducts

A
  1. right lymphatic duct receives lymph from right arm, right side of thorax, and right side of head and drains into the right subclavian vein
  2. thoracic duct on the left, the largest lymphatic vessel, receives lymph from both sides of the body below the diaphragm from the left arm, left side of the head, and left thorax
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10
Q

allergen

A

substance producing a hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

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11
Q

antibody

A

protein produced in response to an antigen

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12
Q

humoral

A

defense mechanism arising from antibodies in the blood

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13
Q

immunoglobulin

A

specific protein evoked by an antigen; all antibodies are immunoglobulins

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14
Q

lymphocytes

A

small WBC with a nucleus

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15
Q

pathogen

A

disease-causing microorganism

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16
Q

pollutant

A

substance that makes an environment unclean or impure

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17
Q

toxin

A

poisonous substance formed by a cell or organism

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18
Q

lymphatic follicles

A

dense clusters of lymphocytes and other cells present in tonsils, adenoids, and ileum

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19
Q

T lymphocytes

A

aka T cells; mature in thymus; make up 75-85% of body lymphocytes include 4 types: cytotoxic (“Killer” t cells), Helper T cells, Memory T Cells, Suppressor T Cells

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20
Q

B lymphocytes

A

aka B cells; mature in bone marrow; 15-25% of lymphocytes; activated by helper T cells, respond to a specific antigen, and cause the production of antibodies called immunoglobulins (Ig); mature cells are called plasma cells

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21
Q

Null Cells

A

large granular lymphocytes that are natural killer cells but lack the specific surface markers of the T and B lymphocytes

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22
Q

Macrophages

A

develop from monocytes that have migrated from blood; ingest and destroy tissue debris, bacteria, and other foreign matter

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23
Q

4 types of lymphatic tissue cells:

A
  1. T cells
  2. B Cells
  3. Null Cells
  4. Macrophages
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24
Q

coreceptor

A

cell surface protein to enhance the sensitivity of an antigen receptor

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25
Q

cytotoxic

A

agent able to destroy cells

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26
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphatic organ; in LUQ

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27
Q

two basic types of tissue in the spleen

A
  1. white pulp- immune system that produces t cells, b cells, and macrophages
  2. red pulp- acts a reservoir for erythrocytes, platelets, and macrophages that remove old and defective erythrocytes
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28
Q

functions of the spleen:

A
  1. produce t cells, b cells, and macrophages
  2. phagocytize bacteria and other foreign materials
  3. initiate an immune response to produce antibodies when antigens are found in the blood
  4. phagocytize old, defective RBCs and platelets
  5. serve as a reservoir for RBCs and platelets
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29
Q

tonsils

A

two masses of lymphatic tissue located at entrance to oropharynx where they entrap inhaled and ingested pathogens; traps bacteria and viruses and drain them into the tonsillar lymph nodes

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30
Q

adenoids

A

lymphatic tissue on the posterior wall of nasopharynx; traps bacteria and viruses and drain them into the tonsillar lymph nodes

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31
Q

thymus gland

A

both endocrine and lymphatic functions; t cells develop and mature in it and are released into the bloodstream; largest in infancy in childhood an dis eventually replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue

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32
Q

cervical nodes

A

lymph nodes in neck

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33
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

lymph node enlargement

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34
Q

lymphoma

A

malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic organs, usually the lymph nodes

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35
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

characterized by the presence of abnormal, cancerous B cells called Reed-Sternberg cells; spreads to adjoining lymph nodes; treatments: radiation, chemotherapy, and autologous bone marrow transplant

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36
Q

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas

A

more frequent in occurrence than Hodgkin lymphoma; some 30 difference disease entities and 10 different subtypes

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37
Q

tonsillitis

A

inflammation of the tonsils and adenoids; occurs mostly in the first years of life; can be bacterial or viral

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38
Q

hypersplenism

A

condition in which the spleen removes blood components at an excessive rate

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39
Q

lymphaden-

A

lymph node

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40
Q

lymphangio-

A

lymphatic vessels

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41
Q

lymphangiogram

A

radiographic images of lymph vessels and nodes following injection of contrast material

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42
Q

lymphadema

A

tissue swelling due to lymphatic obstruction

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43
Q

3 characteristics unique to the immune system:

A
  1. specificity
  2. memory
  3. discrimination
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44
Q

hapten

A

small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen

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45
Q

resistance

A

ability of an organism to withstand the effects of an antagonistic agent

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46
Q

specificity

A

state of having a fixed relation of a particular entity

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47
Q

2 types of immunity

A
  1. cellular- direct form of defense based on the actions of lymphocytes to attack foreign and diseased cells and destroy them
  2. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity-indirect form of attack that employs antibodies produced by plasma cells which have been developed from B cells
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48
Q

immunoglobulins

A

Igs; specific protein evoked by an antigen; all antibodies are immunoglobulins

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49
Q

5 classes of antibodies:

A
  1. IgG- 80% of antibodies, found in plasma and tissue fluids
  2. IgA 13% of antibodies; found in exocrine secretions such as breast milk, tears, saliva, etc.
  3. IgM- 6%; develops in response to antigens in food or bacteria
  4. IgD- found on the surface of B cells and acts as a receptor for antigens
  5. IgE- found in exocrine secretions along with IgA
50
Q

functions of antibodies to make antigens harmless:

A
  1. neutralization
  2. agglutination
  3. precipitation
  4. complement fixation
51
Q

neutralization

A

antibody binds to antigen and masks it

52
Q

agglutination

A

antibody binds to two or more bacteria to prevent them from spreading through tissues

53
Q

precipitation

A

antibody creates an antigen-antibody complex that is too heavy to stay in solution

54
Q

complement fixation

A

complement system is a group of 20 or more proteins continually present in blood plasma; IgG and IgM bind to foreign cells, initiating the binding of the complement to the cell and leading to its destruction; major defense mechanism against bacteria and mismatched blood cells

55
Q

4 classes of immunity based on production or acquisition of antibodies

A
  1. natural active immunity
  2. artificial active immunity
  3. natural passive immunity
  4. artificial passive immunity
56
Q

natural active immunity

A

production of your own antibodies as a result of normal maturation, pregnancy or an infection

57
Q

artificial active immunity

A

production of your own antibodies as a result of a vaccination or immunization

58
Q

natural passive immunity

A

temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies from another individual; occurs for the fetus through the placenta (IgG) of for the infant through breastmilk (IgA)

59
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

temporary immunity that results from the injection of an immune serum from another individual or an animal; immune serum is used to treat snakebite, tetanus, and rabies

60
Q

attenuate

A

weaken the ability of an organism to produce disease

61
Q

immune serum

A

antiserum; serum taken from another human or animal that has antibodies to a disease

62
Q

hypersensitivity

A

excessive immune response to an antigen that would normally be tolerated: includes: allergies, autoimmune disorders, alloimmune disorders

63
Q

alloimmune disorders

A

reactions to tissues transplanted from another person

64
Q

anaphylaxis

A

acute, immediate, and severe allergic reaction; relieved by antihistimines

65
Q

examples of autoimmune disorders:

A

lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis

66
Q

immunodeficiency disorders:

A
  1. congenital
  2. immunosuppression
  3. acquired immunodeficiency
67
Q

allogen

A

antigen from someone else in the same species

68
Q

alloimmune

A

reaction directed against foreign tissue

69
Q

histamine

A

compound liberated in tissues as a result of injury or an allergic response

70
Q

immunosuppression

A

suppression of an immune response by an outside agent, such as a drug

71
Q

urticaria

A

hives; rash of itchy wheals

72
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus; one of a virus known as retrovirus; invades helper T cells and cells in upper respiratory tract and CNS; can lay dormant for a few months to 12 years; virus destroys CD4 cells and antibodies cannot be produced;

73
Q

retrovirus

A

virus that replicates in a host cell by converting its RNA core into DNA

74
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor originating in connective tissue

75
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

malignancy often seen in AIDS patients

76
Q

immunoassay

A

biochemical test that uses the reaction of an antibody to its antigen to measure the amount of substance in a liquid

77
Q

radioallergosorbent

A

a radioimmunoassay to detect IgE-bound allergens responsible for tissue hypersensitivity

78
Q

radioimmunoassay

A

immunoassay of a substance that has been radioactively labeled

79
Q

immunotherapy

A

AKA biologic therapy; designed to boost the body’s natural defense against cancer using substances either made in the lab or made by the body

80
Q

types of immunotherapy

A

monoclonal antibodies, interferons, interleukins

81
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

made in lab, can attach to cancer cells to flag them for destruction;

82
Q

interferons

A

nonspecific immunotherapy mostly given at the same time as other cancer treatments such as chemo or radiation; most common called interferon alpha that’s made in a lab

83
Q

interleukins

A

nonspecific immunotherapy used to treat kidney and skin cancers including melanoma

84
Q

human immunoglobulins

A

given by injection to confer passive (temporary) immunity that provides immediate protection lasting several weeks

85
Q

two types of human immunoglobulins

A
  1. human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)- made from plasma of about 1,000 unselected donors to provide antibodies against HepA, rubella, measles, and other viruses found in the general pop.
  2. Hyperimmune specific immunoglobulins- made from selected donors and provide antibodies individually against HepB, varicella zoster, rabies, tetanus, and cytomegalovirus
86
Q

Immunosuppressant drugs

A

inhibit or prevent the activity of the immune system and are used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues, treat autoimmune diseases, and help control long-term allergic asthma; four main types: glucocorticoids, cytostatics, antibodies, calcineurin

87
Q

glucocorticoids

A

suppress cell-mediated immunity and protect through T-cells and macrophages and by stimulating cells to secrete cytokines

88
Q

cytostatics

A

inhibit cell division; Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) most potent immunosuppressant; methotrexate interferes with the synthesis of nucleic acids; azathioprine (Imuran) main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance

89
Q

antibodies

A

used as a quick immunosuppressive therapy

90
Q

calcineurin

A

is a phosphate that stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cells; calcineurin inhibitors such as ciclosporin (Sandimmune), tacrolimus (Prograf), and sirolimus (Rapamune) are used in the prevention and treatment of transplant rejection reactions

91
Q

alkylation

A

introduction of a side chain into a compound

92
Q

antimetabolite

A

a substance that antagonized another substance

93
Q

cytokine

A

a hormone-like protein that regulates the intensity of an immune response

94
Q

cytostatic

A

inhibiting cell division

95
Q

immunoglobulin

A

specific protein (antibody) generated by an antigen

96
Q

interferon

A

a small protein produced by T-cells in response to an infection

97
Q

interleukin

A

a group of cytokines synthesized by WBCs

98
Q

monoclonal

A

derived in the lab from a protein from a single colony of cells

99
Q

immune system protects from:

A

pathogens, allergens, toxins, and malignant cells

100
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus

A

SLE; complications: blood clots, carditis, stroke, lung damage, or death; often diagnosed in women of child-bearing age;

101
Q

SLE symptoms

A

intense fatigue, skin rashes (“butterfly” rash across face), joint pain, thinking and memory problems; but Lupus Foundation says there are no two people who have the same SLE symptoms or treatment

102
Q

SLE treatment

A

help symptoms but won’t cure SLE; NSAIDS, lowdose immunosuppression mediaction, or a short course of corticosteroids

103
Q

aden/o

A

gland

104
Q

immun/o

A

immune, immunity, safe

105
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

106
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

107
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

108
Q

morph/o

A

form, shape, structure

109
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

110
Q

plas/o

A

formation, growth

111
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

112
Q

-phoresis

A

carrying, transmission

113
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

114
Q

excision

A

surgical procedure that cuts off our out a portion of a body par without replacing the part removed; ex. lumpectomy

115
Q

resection

A

procedure that cuts off/out ALL of a body part without removal; ex removal of entire lymph node chain

116
Q

extraction

A

procedure that pulls off/out all or part of a body part without replacement; ex. bone marrow aspiration

117
Q

antimicrobials

A

names: Trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, Bactrim, Septra, metronidazole, Flagyl

118
Q

Antivirals

A

names: Nelfinavir, Viracept, lamivudine/ zidovudine, Combivir

119
Q

immunotherapy

A

routes: intravenous, intramuscular
Names: interleukins, HepB vaccine, Herpes Zoster vaccine; Tetanus vaccine

120
Q

Immunosuppressant

A

Routes: oral, intramuscular, intravenous
Names: Methotrexate, Cytoxan, Imuran, Prograf

Med Term (17 decks)

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