Module 4 Flashcards
Alimentary
Pertaining to the digestive tract
bariatric
treatment of obesity
gastric
pertaining to the stomach
Roux-en-Y
surgical procedure to reduce the size of the stomach
transcript
an exact copy or reproduction
propulsion
movement of food from the mouth to the anus
deglutition
swallowing
amylase
enzyme that breaks down starch (carbs)
bolus
single mass of a substance (food)
antibody
protein produced in response to an antigen
antigen
substances capable of producing an immune response
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
hematochezia
passage of red, bloody stools
immmunoglobulin
specific protein evoked by an antigen; all antibodies are immunoglobulins
melena
passage of black, tarry stools
occult
not visible on the surface
hemoccult test
trade name for a fecal occult blood test
lysozyme
enzyme that dissolves the cell walls of bacteria
parotid
parotid gland is by the ear
dental pulp
connective tissue in the cavity in the center of the tooth
symptom
departure from the normal experienced by the patient
abscess
collection of pus
aphthous ulcer
canker sore
caries
bacterial destruction of teeth
glossodynia
painful, burning tongue
leukoplakia
white patch on oral mucous membrane, often precancerous
pyorrhea
purulent discharge
Sjogren syndrome
autoimmune disease that attacks the glands that produce saliva and tears
stomatitis
general term given to any infection of the mouth
tartar
aka dental calculus; calcified deposit at the gingival margin of the teeth
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
epiglottis
leaf-shaped plate of cartilage that shuts off larynx during swalllowing
hernia
protrusion of a structure through the tissue that normally contains it
haitus
opening through a structure
postprandial
following a meal
varix
dilated, tortuous vein
EMR
emergency medical responder
chyme
(pron. KYME) semifluid- partially digested food passed from the stomach into the duodenum
duodenum
first part of the small intestine; 9-12inches long
gastrin
hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates secretion of HCl and increases gastric motility
intrinsic factor
substance secreted by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of B12
mucin
protein element of mucus
pepsin
enzyme produced by the stomach that breaks down protein
pepsinogen
enzyme converted by HCl in stomach to pepsin
pylorus
exit area of the stomach proximal to the duodenum
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease; regurgitation of stomach contents back into the esophagus often when a person is lying down at night
dyspepsia
“upset stomach”; epigastric pain, nausea and gas
erosion
a shallow ulcer in the lining of a structure
peptic
relating to the stomach and duodenum
perforation
erosion that progresses to become a hole through the wall of a structure
vagus
tenth cranial nerve; supplies many different organs throughout the body
duodenum
first part of the small intestine; 9-10inches
ileum
third portion of small intestine; 55% of SI length
ileocecal
pertaining to the junction of the ileum and cecum (first part of the LI)
jejunum
segment of small intestine between the duodenum and ileum where most of the nutrients are absorbed
mesentery
double layer of peritoneum enclosing the abdominal viscera
mucosa
aka mucous membrane; layer conting the epithelial cells that line the tract, intestinal glands that secrete the digestive enzymes, supportive connective tissue, villae.
submucosa
thick connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
muscularis
inner, circular layer of smooth muscle that contracts to create peristalsis and segmental contractions
omentum
fatty portion of the mesentery; hangs like an apron in front of all the intestines
parietal
pertaining to the wall of an organ or a body cavity
plica
fold in a mucous membrane; the way the small intestine is folded into circular folds
serosa
outermost layer of thin connective tissue of small intestine; it’s a single layer of epithelial cells
viscus
PL: viscera; hollow, walled, internal organ
HAV
Hepatitis A; highly contagious; transmitted fecal-oral route through contaminated food
HBV
HepB; transmitted through body fluids
HCV
HepC; blood-to-blood transfer; often asymptomatic; can be cured in 51% of patients but can progress to chronic hep and cirrhosis
HDV
HepD; can only occur in presence of HBV
Hepatitis E
similar to HAV and occurs mostly in underdeveloped countries
Chronic Hepatitis
occurs when acute hepatitis is not healed after 6 months; can last years and is difficult to treat
cirrhosis of liver
chronic, irreversible disease; replaces normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue; 7th leading cause of death in US
Cancer of the liver
arises in patients with chronic liver disease usually from HBV
hemochromatosis
absorption of too much iron which is stored in liver; can lead to liver failure
hyperbilirubinemia
too much bilirubin; can cause jaundice
Wilson Disease
retention of too much copper in liver
ascites
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
cholestatic
stopping the flow of bile
biliary colic
severe waves of pain in the UQ due to gallstone blocking the bile duct
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystokinin
hormone secreted by the lining of the intestine that stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and contraction of the gallbladder
choledocholithiasis
presence of gallstones in the common bile duct
cholelithiasis
condition of having bile stones (gallstones)
gallbladder
receptacle on the inferior surface of the liver for storing bile
hemolysis
destruction of RBCs so that hemoglobin is liberated
hepatocellular
pertaining to liver cells
icterus jaundice
yellow stining of tissues with bile pigments including bilirubin
acinar cells
enzyme-secreting cells of the pancreas
cystic fibrosis
CF; genetic condition in which thick mucus obstructs the pancreas so that digestive enzymes do not reach the small intestine
endocrine gland
gland that produces an internal of hormonal secretion and secretes it into the bloodstream
exocrine gland
a gland that secretes outwardly through excretory ducts
fatty acid
acid obtained from the hydrolysis of fats
islet cells
hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas
pancreas
lobulated gland, the head of which is tucked into the curve of the duodenum; both endocrine and exocrine
secretin
hormone produced by the duodenum to stimulate pancreatic juice
trypsin
enzyme that breaks down protein
chymotripsin
trypsin found in chyme
chyle
milky fluid that results from the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine
lacteal
lymphatic vessel carrying chyle away from the intestine
Crohn’s Disease
inflammation of the small intestine (frequently in the ileum) and occasionally also the large intestine; malabsorption is common and children with Crohn’s may have delayed development and stunted growth
gastroenteritis
stomach “flu”; caused by a large variety of bacteria and viruses
dysentery
severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis with blood and mucus in frequent, watery stools
appendix
small blind projection from the pouch of the cecum
cecum
first part of the large intestine
colon
large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum
gastrocolic reflex
mass movement of feces in the colon and the desire to defecate caused by taking food into the stomach
ileocecal
band of muscle that encircles the junction of the ileum and cecum
sigmoid
shaped like an “s” part of colon
flexure
bends of the large intestine
appendicitis
RLQ; acute abdominal pain; can lead to rupturing and needing appendectomy
ulcerative colitis
extensive inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the large intestine; produces bloody diarrhea, crampy pain, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalance
IBS
increasingly common large-bowel disorder; presents crampy pains, gas and changes in bowel habits
polyp
masses of tissue arising from the wall of the L.I. that protrude into the bowel lumen; most are benign
colon and rectal cancers
2nd leading cancer causing death after lung; majority occur in the rectum and sigmoid colon
intussusception
obstruction from one section of bowel pushing into another
proctitis
inflammation of the lining of the rectum, often associated with ulcerative colitis, crohn’s, or radiation therapy
nasogastric aspiration and lavage
used to detect upper GI bleeding
enteroscopy
uses oral, flexible endoscope used to see and biopsy tumors and ulcers and to control bleeding from esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
capsule endoscopy
enables examination of the entire small intestine by ingesting a pill-sized video capsule
double balloon endoscopy
uses two balloos at the tip of hte endoscope that are inflated sequentially to move the endoscope further into the intestine than with a usual endoscope
angiography
uses injected dye to highlight blood vessels and is used to detect the site of bleeding in the GI tract
protoscopy
uses a proctoscope that allows for the visual examination of the anus, rectum, and sigmoid colon to look for diseases, causes of rectal bleeding or check on abnormal results
anoscopy
examination of hte anus and lower rectum using a rigid instrument
sigmoidoscopy
examines rectum and sigmoid
flexible colonoscopy
examines whole length of colon
aspiration
removal by suction of fluid of gas from a body cavity
cholangiography
x-ray of the bile ducts after injection or ingestion of a contrast medium
lavage
washing out of a hollow cavity, tube, or organ
resection
removal of a specific part of an organ or structure
lapraroscopy
thin, lighted tuve inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall used to examine abdominal and pelvic organs; can also take Bx samples
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ERCP; used to diagnose and treat problems in the biliary ductal system
pancreas endoscopic ultrasound
EUS; ultrasound probe inserted through mouth down to stomach and first part of small intestine; great at assessing pancreas
anastomosis
surgically made union between two tubular structures
-ostomy
surgery to create an artificial opening into a tubular structure
Histamine-2 receptor antagonists
H2-blockers; blocks signal that tells stomach cells to produce acid; ex pepcid, zantac
proton pump inhibitors
PPIs; suppresses gastric acid secretion in the stomach lining by blocking secretion of gastric acid from cells into the lumen of hte stomach; ex prilosec, prevacid, nexium
serotonin antagonists
block serotonin receptors in CNS and GI tract; used to treat postoperative and chemotheraphy nausea and vomiting
dopamine antagonists
act in the brain; more side effects than serotonin antagonisits so not preferred any more
antihistimines
used to treat motion sickness, morning sickness in pregnancy, and opioid nausea; ex. Benadryl
cachexia
general weight loss and wasting of the body
motility
ability for spontaneous movement
dia-
through, across
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
-megaly
enlargement
-orexia
appetite
-pepsia
digestion
-prandial
meal
antacids
mylanta, rolaids, tums, calcium carbonate
antidiarrheals
imodium, donnagel, kaopectate
antiemetics
compazine, zofran
antispasmodics
dicyclomine, bentyl
laxatives
senna, senakot, metamucil
