Module 14 Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the Nervous System:
A
- Sensory Input
- Motor Input
- Evaluation and Integration
- Homeostasis
- Mental Activity
2
Q
EEG
A
electroencephalogram; record of the electrical activity of the brain
3
Q
CNS
A
central nervous system; brain and spinal cord
4
Q
PNS
A
peripheral nervous system; all neurons, nerves, ganglia, and plexuses outside the CNS; two divisions: sensory division- afferent nerves carry messages toward spinal cord and brain from sense organs, motor division- efferent nerves carry messages away from the spinal cord to muscles and organs
5
Q
ANS
A
autonomic nervous system; aka visceral motor division; carries signals to glands and to cardiac and smooth muscle; involuntary; two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
6
Q
sympathetic division
A
arouses body for action and slows digestion so more available blood flow for other areas
7
Q
parasympathetic division
A
calms the body, slowing down the heartbeat but stimulating digestion
8
Q
neuron
A
nerve cells that receive stimuli and transmit impulses to other neurons or receptors in other organs; consists of a cell body, axons, and dendrites
9
Q
dendrite
A
short, highly branched extensions that conduct impulses toward the cell body; the more dendrites the more impulses it can receive
10
Q
axon
A
aka nerve fiber; carries impulses away from the cell body; constant diameter, but can range in length; covered in a myelin sheath (neurilemma) that enables impulses to travel faster
11
Q
neurilemma
A
myelin sheath
12
Q
neurotransmitters
A
stimulate or inhibit the receptor on a dendrite of another neuron or the cell of the muscle gland
13
Q
examples of neurotransmitters:
A
- acetylcholine
- norepinephrine
- serotonin
- dopamine
- endorphins
14
Q
plexus
A
group of nerves collected together
15
Q
neuroglia
A
connective tissue cells that hold nervous tissue together; outnumber neurons 50:1
16
Q
six types of neuroglia
A
In CNS: 1. astrocytes 2. oligodendrocytes 3. microglia 4. ependymal cells In PNS: 1. Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) 2. Satellite cells
17
Q
blood-brain barrier
A
BBB; physical barrier between the capillaries that supply the CNS and most parts of the CNS;
18
Q
Brain
A
3 major regions:
- cerebrum
- Brainstem
- cerebellum
19
Q
cerebrum
A
80% of the brain and consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres; hemispheres connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum
20
Q
4 lobes of each hemisphere:
A
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
21
Q
brainstem
A
includes: thalamus, pineal gland ,pons, fourth ventricle, and medulla oblongata (cardiac center, respiratory center, vasomotor center, and reticular formation)
22
Q
cerebellum
A
most posterior area of the brain
23
Q
gyrus
A
rounded elevation on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
24
Q
sulcus
A
groove on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres that separates gyri
25
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid; helps protect, cushion, and provide nutrition for the brain and spinal cord; inside ventricles
26
thalamus
receives all sensory impulses and channels them to the appropriate region of the cortex for interpretation;
27
hypothalamus
regulates: blood pressure, body temp, water and electrolyte balance, hunger and body weight, sleep and wakefulness, movement and secretions of the digestive tract
28
decussate
cross over like the arms of an X; thalamus decussates the impulses from the right side of the body to the left hemisphere and vice versa
29
cranial nerves
communicates between the brain and the rest of the body; 12 pairs
30
cauda equina
bundle of spinal nerves in the vertebral canal below the ending of the spinal cord
31
4 regions of the spinal cord:
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
32
meninges
3-layered covering of the brain a spinal cord; 3 layers:
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater
33
arachnoid mater
weblike middle later of the three meninges; subarachnoid mater contains CSF
34
dura mater
hard, fibrous outer layer of the meninges
35
pia mater
delicate, inner layer of the meninges; attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord; supplies nerves and blood vessels that nourish the outer cells of brain and spinal cord
36
dementia
symptoms not a disease; symptoms: short-term memory loss, inability to solve problems, confusion, inappropriate behavior (such as wandering), and impaired cognitive function
37
Alzheimer disease
most common form of dementia; affects 10% of the population over 65 and 50% over 85
38
vascular dementia
second most common form of dementia; due to lack of oxygen
39
delirium
sudden onset of disorientation, an inability to think clearly or pay attention; mental state not a disease
40
cognition
process of acquiring knowledge through thinking, learning, and memory
41
empathy
ability to place yourself into the feelings, emotions, and reactions of another person
42
sympathy
appreciation and concern for another person's mental and emotional state
43
stroke
AKA cerebrovascular accident (CVA); occurs when blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted and thus brain cells are deprived of oxygen so some die and others are left badly damaged
44
2 types of stroke:
1. Ischemic strokes- 90% of all strokes caused by atherosclerosis, embolism, or microangiopathy
2. hemorrhagic strokes (intracranial hemorrhage)- occurs when blood vessel in brain bursts or when a cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) ruptures
45
hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body
46
hemiparesis
weakness of one side of the body
47
transient ischemic attacks
aka TIAs; short-term, small strokes with symptoms lasting less than 24 hours; most frequent cause is a small embolus
48
Cerebral palsy
CP; motor impairment resulting from brain damage in an infant or young child, regardless of cause or effect on child
49
spastic
pertaining to tight muscles that are resistant to being stretched; can become overactive when used and produce clonic movements
50
athetoid
pertaining to difficulty in controlling and coordinating movements, leading to involuntary writing movements in constant motion
51
ataxic
pertaining to a poor sense of balance and depth perception, leading to a staggering walk and unsteady hands
52
epilepsy
chronic disorder in which clusters of neurons in the brain discharge their electrical signals in an abnormal rhythm; this disturbed electrical activity (a seizure) can cause strange sensations and behavior, convulsions, and loss of consciousness
53
partial seizure
occur when epileptic activity is in one area of the brain only
54
absence seizures
aka "petit mal"; most common in ages 4-14; child stares vacantly for less than 10 seconds; recovery is quick
55
tonic-clonic seizures
aka "grand mal"; person experiences LOC, breathing stops, muscles stiffen, jaw clenches; this "tonic" phase lasts 30-60 seconds; followed by "clonic" phase in which they whole body shakes with a series of violent, rhythmic jerking of the limbs.; last for 1-3 minutes and then consciousness returns
56
LOC
loss of consciousness
57
febrile seizures
triggered by a high fever in kids aged 6 months - 5 years
58
status epilepticus
continuous seizure lasting more than 10 minutes or 3 recurrent seizures without the person regaining consciousness between
59
cataplexy
sudden loss of muscle tone with brief paralysis; happens with narcolepsy
60
brain tumors
most often secondary tumors that have metastasized from cancers in the lung, breast, skin, or kidney
61
cephalalgia
headaches
62
chorea
involuntary, irregular spasms of limb and facial muscles
63
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
progressive incurable neurological disease that is thought to be caused by an abnormal infectious protein called a prion
64
traumatic brain injury
TBI; over 1mil people seen per year for blows to the head; 50k-100k will have prolonged problems
65
coup
injury to the brain occurring directly under the skull at the point of impact
66
contrecoup
injury to the brain occurring at the point opposite to the original point of contact
67
contusion
bruising of a tissue including the brain
68
concussion
mild head injury; feel dazed or have a period of confusion or even lose consciousness; repeated concussions have a cumulative effect
69
ADL
activities of daily living
70
subdural hematoma
bleeding into the subdural space outside the brain; associated with closed head injuries and bleeding from broken veins, ex. roller-coasted rides
71
epidural hematoma
pooling of blood in the epidural space outside the brain; associated with fracture skull and bleeding from an artery that lies in the meninges
72
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord
73
meningioma
tumor originating in the arachnoid cells of the meninges, most commonly overlying the cerebral hemispheres
74
Bell palsy
disorder of the 7th cranial nerve (facial), causing a sudden onset of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles on one side of the face
75
hematoma
collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue
76
demyelination
destruction of an area of ht myelin sheath, can occur in the PNS caused by inflammation, B12 deficiency, poisons, and some medication
77
Guilllain-Barre syndrome
disorder of the peripheral nerves in which the body makes antibodies against myelin, leading to loss of nerve conduction, muscle weakness, and paresthesia (changes in sensation)
78
multiple sclerosis
MS; most common demyelination disorder; chronic, progressive disorder; thought to be autoimmune; onset 18-35 years and is more common in women
79
encephalitis
inflammation of brain cells and tissues
80
cervical spondylosis
disorder in which the discs and vertebrae in the neck degenerate, narrow the spinal canal, and compress the spinal cord and/or nerve roots
81
poliomyelitis
polio; acute infectious disease, occurring mostly in children; destroys motor neurons; progressive muscle paralysis
82
amyotrophic
pertaining to muscular atrophy
83
myel-
spinal cord
84
spondylosis
degenerative arthritis of the spine
85
neuropathy
used here as any disorder affecting one or more peripheral nerves
86
carpal tunnel syndrome
median nerve at the writs is compressed between the wrist bones and a strong overlying ligament; numbness, pain, tingling of the thumb side of the hand
87
shingles and chicken pox
infection of the peripheral nerves
88
myasthenia gravis
immune system produces antibodies that attack the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells; symptoms: drooping eyelids, weak eye muscles, causing double vision, difficulty talking and swallowing
89
spinal tap
aka lumbar puncture (LP); needle inserted through the skin, back muscles, spinal ligaments, epidural space, dura mater, and arachnoid mater into the subarachnoid space to aspirate CSF
90
3 types of CVA's (strokes)
1. ischemic
2. intracerebral
3. subarachnoid
91
kinesi/o
movement
92
lept/o
thin, slender
93
lex/o
word, phrase
94
radicul/o
nerve root
95
sten/o
strength
96
thec/o
sheath
97
ton/o
tension
98
-asthenia
weakness, debility
99
-esthesia
feeling
100
-lepsy
seizure
101
-paresis
partial paralysis
102
-phasia
speech
103
-plegia
paralysis
104
-taxia
coordination
105
pachy-
thick
106
ot/o
ear
107
salping/o
tubes (eustachian)
108
staped/o
stapes
109
ambly/o
dull, dim
110
choroid/o
choroid
111
dacry/o
tear, lacrimal apparatus
112
dacryocysto/o
lacrimal sac
113
glauc/o
gray
114
goni/o
angle
115
presby/o
old age
116
vitr/o
vitreous body of the eye
117
-opia, -opsia
vision
118
-tropia
turning
119
-acusia, -cusis
hearing
120
cerebrovascular disease
process that involves any functional abnormality of the cerebrum that is caused by disorders of the blood vessels in the brain; most commonly associated with a stroke
121
seizure
any medical condition characterized by sudden changes in behavior or consciousness as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
122
epilepsy
chronic or recurring seizure disorders/activity
