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Med Term > Module 14 Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 14 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Nervous System:

A
  1. Sensory Input
  2. Motor Input
  3. Evaluation and Integration
  4. Homeostasis
  5. Mental Activity
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2
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram; record of the electrical activity of the brain

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3
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system; brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system; all neurons, nerves, ganglia, and plexuses outside the CNS; two divisions: sensory division- afferent nerves carry messages toward spinal cord and brain from sense organs, motor division- efferent nerves carry messages away from the spinal cord to muscles and organs

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5
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system; aka visceral motor division; carries signals to glands and to cardiac and smooth muscle; involuntary; two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

sympathetic division

A

arouses body for action and slows digestion so more available blood flow for other areas

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7
Q

parasympathetic division

A

calms the body, slowing down the heartbeat but stimulating digestion

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8
Q

neuron

A

nerve cells that receive stimuli and transmit impulses to other neurons or receptors in other organs; consists of a cell body, axons, and dendrites

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9
Q

dendrite

A

short, highly branched extensions that conduct impulses toward the cell body; the more dendrites the more impulses it can receive

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10
Q

axon

A

aka nerve fiber; carries impulses away from the cell body; constant diameter, but can range in length; covered in a myelin sheath (neurilemma) that enables impulses to travel faster

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11
Q

neurilemma

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

neurotransmitters

A

stimulate or inhibit the receptor on a dendrite of another neuron or the cell of the muscle gland

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13
Q

examples of neurotransmitters:

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. serotonin
  4. dopamine
  5. endorphins
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14
Q

plexus

A

group of nerves collected together

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15
Q

neuroglia

A

connective tissue cells that hold nervous tissue together; outnumber neurons 50:1

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16
Q

six types of neuroglia

A 
In CNS:
1. astrocytes
2. oligodendrocytes
3. microglia
4. ependymal cells
In PNS:
1. Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
2. Satellite cells
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17
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

BBB; physical barrier between the capillaries that supply the CNS and most parts of the CNS;

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18
Q

Brain

A

3 major regions:

  1. cerebrum
  2. Brainstem
  3. cerebellum
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19
Q

cerebrum

A

80% of the brain and consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres; hemispheres connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum

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20
Q

4 lobes of each hemisphere:

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
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21
Q

brainstem

A

includes: thalamus, pineal gland ,pons, fourth ventricle, and medulla oblongata (cardiac center, respiratory center, vasomotor center, and reticular formation)

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22
Q

cerebellum

A

most posterior area of the brain

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23
Q

gyrus

A

rounded elevation on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

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24
Q

sulcus

A

groove on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres that separates gyri

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25
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid; helps protect, cushion, and provide nutrition for the brain and spinal cord; inside ventricles

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26
Q

thalamus

A

receives all sensory impulses and channels them to the appropriate region of the cortex for interpretation;

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27
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates: blood pressure, body temp, water and electrolyte balance, hunger and body weight, sleep and wakefulness, movement and secretions of the digestive tract

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28
Q

decussate

A

cross over like the arms of an X; thalamus decussates the impulses from the right side of the body to the left hemisphere and vice versa

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29
Q

cranial nerves

A

communicates between the brain and the rest of the body; 12 pairs

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30
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of spinal nerves in the vertebral canal below the ending of the spinal cord

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31
Q

4 regions of the spinal cord:

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
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32
Q

meninges

A

3-layered covering of the brain a spinal cord; 3 layers:

  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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33
Q

arachnoid mater

A

weblike middle later of the three meninges; subarachnoid mater contains CSF

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34
Q

dura mater

A

hard, fibrous outer layer of the meninges

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35
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, inner layer of the meninges; attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord; supplies nerves and blood vessels that nourish the outer cells of brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

dementia

A

symptoms not a disease; symptoms: short-term memory loss, inability to solve problems, confusion, inappropriate behavior (such as wandering), and impaired cognitive function

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37
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

most common form of dementia; affects 10% of the population over 65 and 50% over 85

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38
Q

vascular dementia

A

second most common form of dementia; due to lack of oxygen

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39
Q

delirium

A

sudden onset of disorientation, an inability to think clearly or pay attention; mental state not a disease

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40
Q

cognition

A

process of acquiring knowledge through thinking, learning, and memory

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41
Q

empathy

A

ability to place yourself into the feelings, emotions, and reactions of another person

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42
Q

sympathy

A

appreciation and concern for another person’s mental and emotional state

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43
Q

stroke

A

AKA cerebrovascular accident (CVA); occurs when blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted and thus brain cells are deprived of oxygen so some die and others are left badly damaged

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44
Q

2 types of stroke:

A
  1. Ischemic strokes- 90% of all strokes caused by atherosclerosis, embolism, or microangiopathy
  2. hemorrhagic strokes (intracranial hemorrhage)- occurs when blood vessel in brain bursts or when a cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) ruptures
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45
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body

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46
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness of one side of the body

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47
Q

transient ischemic attacks

A

aka TIAs; short-term, small strokes with symptoms lasting less than 24 hours; most frequent cause is a small embolus

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48
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

CP; motor impairment resulting from brain damage in an infant or young child, regardless of cause or effect on child

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49
Q

spastic

A

pertaining to tight muscles that are resistant to being stretched; can become overactive when used and produce clonic movements

50
Q

athetoid

A

pertaining to difficulty in controlling and coordinating movements, leading to involuntary writing movements in constant motion

51
Q

ataxic

A

pertaining to a poor sense of balance and depth perception, leading to a staggering walk and unsteady hands

52
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic disorder in which clusters of neurons in the brain discharge their electrical signals in an abnormal rhythm; this disturbed electrical activity (a seizure) can cause strange sensations and behavior, convulsions, and loss of consciousness

53
Q

partial seizure

A

occur when epileptic activity is in one area of the brain only

54
Q

absence seizures

A

aka “petit mal”; most common in ages 4-14; child stares vacantly for less than 10 seconds; recovery is quick

55
Q

tonic-clonic seizures

A

aka “grand mal”; person experiences LOC, breathing stops, muscles stiffen, jaw clenches; this “tonic” phase lasts 30-60 seconds; followed by “clonic” phase in which they whole body shakes with a series of violent, rhythmic jerking of the limbs.; last for 1-3 minutes and then consciousness returns

56
Q

LOC

A

loss of consciousness

57
Q

febrile seizures

A

triggered by a high fever in kids aged 6 months - 5 years

58
Q

status epilepticus

A

continuous seizure lasting more than 10 minutes or 3 recurrent seizures without the person regaining consciousness between

59
Q

cataplexy

A

sudden loss of muscle tone with brief paralysis; happens with narcolepsy

60
Q

brain tumors

A

most often secondary tumors that have metastasized from cancers in the lung, breast, skin, or kidney

61
Q

cephalalgia

A

headaches

62
Q

chorea

A

involuntary, irregular spasms of limb and facial muscles

63
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

progressive incurable neurological disease that is thought to be caused by an abnormal infectious protein called a prion

64
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

TBI; over 1mil people seen per year for blows to the head; 50k-100k will have prolonged problems

65
Q

coup

A

injury to the brain occurring directly under the skull at the point of impact

66
Q

contrecoup

A

injury to the brain occurring at the point opposite to the original point of contact

67
Q

contusion

A

bruising of a tissue including the brain

68
Q

concussion

A

mild head injury; feel dazed or have a period of confusion or even lose consciousness; repeated concussions have a cumulative effect

69
Q

ADL

A

activities of daily living

70
Q

subdural hematoma

A

bleeding into the subdural space outside the brain; associated with closed head injuries and bleeding from broken veins, ex. roller-coasted rides

71
Q

epidural hematoma

A

pooling of blood in the epidural space outside the brain; associated with fracture skull and bleeding from an artery that lies in the meninges

72
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord

73
Q

meningioma

A

tumor originating in the arachnoid cells of the meninges, most commonly overlying the cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

Bell palsy

A

disorder of the 7th cranial nerve (facial), causing a sudden onset of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles on one side of the face

75
Q

hematoma

A

collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue

76
Q

demyelination

A

destruction of an area of ht myelin sheath, can occur in the PNS caused by inflammation, B12 deficiency, poisons, and some medication

77
Q

Guilllain-Barre syndrome

A

disorder of the peripheral nerves in which the body makes antibodies against myelin, leading to loss of nerve conduction, muscle weakness, and paresthesia (changes in sensation)

78
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

MS; most common demyelination disorder; chronic, progressive disorder; thought to be autoimmune; onset 18-35 years and is more common in women

79
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain cells and tissues

80
Q

cervical spondylosis

A

disorder in which the discs and vertebrae in the neck degenerate, narrow the spinal canal, and compress the spinal cord and/or nerve roots

81
Q

poliomyelitis

A

polio; acute infectious disease, occurring mostly in children; destroys motor neurons; progressive muscle paralysis

82
Q

amyotrophic

A

pertaining to muscular atrophy

83
Q

myel-

A

spinal cord

84
Q

spondylosis

A

degenerative arthritis of the spine

85
Q

neuropathy

A

used here as any disorder affecting one or more peripheral nerves

86
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

median nerve at the writs is compressed between the wrist bones and a strong overlying ligament; numbness, pain, tingling of the thumb side of the hand

87
Q

shingles and chicken pox

A

infection of the peripheral nerves

88
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

immune system produces antibodies that attack the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells; symptoms: drooping eyelids, weak eye muscles, causing double vision, difficulty talking and swallowing

89
Q

spinal tap

A

aka lumbar puncture (LP); needle inserted through the skin, back muscles, spinal ligaments, epidural space, dura mater, and arachnoid mater into the subarachnoid space to aspirate CSF

90
Q

3 types of CVA’s (strokes)

A
  1. ischemic
  2. intracerebral
  3. subarachnoid
91
Q

kinesi/o

A

movement

92
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

93
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

94
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

95
Q

sten/o

A

strength

96
Q

thec/o

A

sheath

97
Q

ton/o

A

tension

98
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness, debility

99
Q

-esthesia

A

feeling

100
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

101
Q

-paresis

A

partial paralysis

102
Q

-phasia

A

speech

103
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

104
Q

-taxia

A

coordination

105
Q

pachy-

A

thick

106
Q

ot/o

A

ear

107
Q

salping/o

A

tubes (eustachian)

108
Q

staped/o

A

stapes

109
Q

ambly/o

A

dull, dim

110
Q

choroid/o

A

choroid

111
Q

dacry/o

A

tear, lacrimal apparatus

112
Q

dacryocysto/o

A

lacrimal sac

113
Q

glauc/o

A

gray

114
Q

goni/o

A

angle

115
Q

presby/o

A

old age

116
Q

vitr/o

A

vitreous body of the eye

117
Q

-opia, -opsia

A

vision

118
Q

-tropia

A

turning

119
Q

-acusia, -cusis

A

hearing

120
Q

cerebrovascular disease

A

process that involves any functional abnormality of the cerebrum that is caused by disorders of the blood vessels in the brain; most commonly associated with a stroke

121
Q

seizure

A

any medical condition characterized by sudden changes in behavior or consciousness as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain

122
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic or recurring seizure disorders/activity

Med Term (17 decks)

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