Module 12 Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
vestibular bulb
A
erectile body deep to the labia majora on either side of the vaginal orifice
2
Q
greater vestibular gland
A
AKA Bartholin Gland; secrete mucin which lubricates the vagina
3
Q
vulvovaginitis
A
allergic and irritation caused by vaginal hygiene products, spermicides, detergents, and synthetic underwear
4
Q
vulvodynia
A
chronic, lasting, severe pain around the vaginal orifice which feels raw; dyspareunia (painful intercourse) is common
5
Q
fornix
A
arch-shaped, blind-ended part of the vagina behind and around the cervix
6
Q
dyspareunia
A
pain during sexual intercourse
7
Q
paraurethral glands
A
AKA Skene glands; glands in the anterior wall of the vagina that secrete mucin to help lubricate the vagina
8
Q
vaginosis
A
any disease of the vagina
9
Q
PID
A
pelvic inflammatory disease
10
Q
chlamydia
A
known as “silent” disease because infected women and men have no symptoms; when there are signs a vaginal or penile discharge and irritation with dysuria are common
11
Q
Syphilis
A
caused by spirochete; sexually transmitted then spread through bloodstream to every organ; ulcers known as chancres; starts as primary and evolves to tertiary
12
Q
trichomoniasis
A
“trich”; caused by parasite trichomonas vaginalis; frothy yellow-green discharge with irritation and itching of the vulva; can be transmitted back and forth between partners
13
Q
molluscum contagiosum
A
virus that can be sexually transmitted; resulting tumors are small, shiny bumps that have a milky-white fluid inside and can appear anywhere on the body
14
Q
HPV
A
human papilloma virus; causes genital warts in both men and women; due to sites of the warts around the genitalia, condoms cannot provide complete protection
15
Q
HSV
A
herpes simplex virus
16
Q
PGY
A
pregnancy
17
Q
3 layers of the uterus
A
from outside to inside: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
18
Q
infundibulum
A
ovarian end of the uterine tubes that open with fingerlike folds called fimbriae; at ovulation the fimbriae enclose the ovary
19
Q
adnexa of the uterus
A
ovaries an uterine tubes
20
Q
uterus
A
thick-walled, muscular organ; normally tilts forward (anteverted) over the urinary bladder; 3 regions: fundus, body, cervix
21
Q
anteverted
A
tilted forward
22
Q
oogenesis
A
fetus: millions of follicles each containing a primary oocyte
birth to puberty: primordial follicles change to primary follicles
puberty to menopause: 19 out of 20 secondary follicles degenerate; follicle releases oocyte
23
Q
corpus luteum
A
after follicle releases oocyte it becomes corpus luteum which releases estrogen and progesterone
24
Q
corpus albicans
A
corpus luteum turns into corpus albicans and after degenerates and is resorbed
25
ovulation
at the beginning of the menstrual cycle as many as 20 primary follicles start maturing, but only one develops fully the remainder degenerate;
26
primary amenorrhea
occurs when a girl has not menstruated by 16;
27
secondary amenorrhea
when a woman who has been menstruating normally then misses 3+ periods in a row
28
primary dysmenorrhea
AKA PMS
29
secondary dysmenorrhea
pain associated with disorders such as infection in the genital tract of endometriosis
30
endometriosis
affects 1 in 10 American women of childbearing age; endometrium becomes implanted outside the uterus on the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum which goes through monthly menses; thickens and bleads, but because there is nowhere for the blood to go it leads to cysts and scar tissue
31
salpingitis
inflammation of the fallopian tubes and is part of pelvic inflammatory disease; bacteria infection spreads from the vagina through the cervix and uterus; symptoms: lower abdominal pain, fever, and vaginal discharge
32
retroversion of uterus
20% of women; tilted back toward rectum
33
cystocele
uterine prolapse accompanied by prolapse of the bladder and anterior vaginal wall
34
rectocele
uterine prolapse accompanied by prolapse of rectum and posterior wall of the vagina
35
fibroids
AKA fibromyomas, leiomyomas, or myomas; noncancerous growths of the uterus that appear during childbearing years; 3:4 women have them but only 1:4 have symptoms; symptoms: menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, polymenorrhea, pelvic pressure
36
menorrhagia
abnormally long, heavy menstrual bleedings
37
metrorrhagia
irregular bleeding between menstrual periods
38
polymenorrhea
too frequent periods and no ovulation
39
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
DUB; term used when no cause can be found for a patient's menorrhagia
40
endometrial polyps
benign extensions of the endometrium that can cause irregular and heavy bleeding; can be removed by hysteroscopy or D&C
41
Menopause
when a woman has not menstruated for a year and is not pregnant; estrogen and progesterone start declining around 40 and menstruation ceases from 45-55; without estrogen and progesterone the uterus, vagina, and breasts atrophy and more bone is lost than replaced
42
endometrial cancer
4th most common cancer among women; mostly in ages 60-70; symptom: vaginal bleeding after menopause, vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, dyspareunia
43
cervical cancer
50% of cases occur between 35 and 55; early stages produce no symptoms and may be found on a routine Pap test, in precancerous stage abnormal cells (dysplasia) found only in the outer layer of the cervix.
44
infertility
inability to become pregnant after 1 year of unprotected sex; affects 10-15% of all couples
45
infrequent ovulation
responsible for 20% of female infertility problems when ovulation and menses occur after longer than a month
46
scarring of the uterine tubes
responsible for 30% of female infertility problems; can result from previous surgery, previous tubal pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis; scarring blocks sperm from reaching the egg
47
structural abnormalities
20% of female infertility problems; fibroid tumors, uterine polyps, scarring from infections, abortions and miscarriages can all produce abnormalities of the uterus
48
rhythm method
avoiding sex near time of expected ovulation; 25% failure rate
49
coitus interruptus
pull out method; 20% failure rate
50
Mifepristone
AKA RU-486; when taken with a prostaglandin induces miscarriage; 8% failure rate
51
tubal ligation
getting your tubes tied; performed with laparoscopy; failure rate less than 1%;
52
tubal anastomosis
procedure of rejoining tubes from tubal ligation
53
progestin
synthetic form of progesterone
54
colposcopy
uses a colposcope, and instrument with a magnifying lens and light, to examine the lining of the vagina and cervial canal; performed because a Pap test was abnormal
55
hysterosalpingography
procedure in which hysterosalpingograms (x-rays) are taken after injection of radiopaque dye is inserted; looks at interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes
56
D & C
dilation and curettage; surgical procedure where the cervix is dilated so that the cervical canal and uterine endometrium can be scraped to remove abnormal tissues for pathological examination
57
LEEP
loop electrosurgical excision procedure; wire hoop heated by electricity to remove tissue from vagina and cervix for pathological exam
58
LMP
last menstrual period
59
oophorectomy
surgical removal of one or both ovaries
60
myomectomy
removes fibroids surgically, leaving the uterus in place
61
sacral colpopexy
treats pelvic organ prolapse by suspending the vaginal vault to the sacral promontory using a graft of surgical mesh
62
colporrhaphy
surgical repair of a vaginal wall because of cystocele or rectocele
63
salpingectomy
surgical removal of the uterine tubes
64
pessary
appliance inserted into the vagina to support the uterus
65
morula
ball of cells formed from the cellular division of a zygote
66
blastocyst
developing embryo in the first 2 weeks; gets implanted into the endometrium
67
dizygotic twins
produced when two eggs are released by the ovary and fertilized by two separate sperm
68
monozygotic twins
twins are produced when a single egg is fertilized and later two inner cell masses form within a single blastocyst each producing an embryo; identical twins
69
embryonic period
from weeks 2-8; most external structures and internal organs are formed including placenta, umbilical cord, amnion, yolk sac, and chorion;
70
amnion
fluid-filled sac that protects the embryo; contains amniotic fluid
71
yolk sac
small sac arising from the ventral surface of the embryo; contributes to the formation of the digestive tract and produces blood cells and future sex germ cells
72
chorio
forms placenta by penetrating deeply into the endometrium
73
placenta
sufrace facing the fetus is smooth and gives rise to the umbilical cord which contains two arteries and one vein; surface attached to the uterine wall consists of treelike structures called chorionic villi
74
functions of placenta:
transport nutrients from mother to fetus; transport nitrogenous wastes from fetus to mother (for excretion); transport oxygen and CO2; transport maternal antibodies to fetus; secrete hormones
75
fetus
from 8th week to birth;
76
gravida
pregnant woman; abortus + paras = gravida
77
parity
number of deliveries
78
abortus
losses of pregnancy before the twentieth week
79
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin; presence in the mother blood and urine is the basis for pregnancy tests; can be detected as early as 9 or 10 days after conception; stimulates the growth of the corpus luteum and its production of estrogen and progesterone
80
estrogen
stimulates the mother's uterus to enlarge and her breasts to increase to twice their normal size; make pelvic joints and ligaments more flexible so that the pelvic outlet widens for childbirth
81
progesterone
secreted by corpus luteum and hte placenta; suppresses further ovulation, prevents menstruation, stimulate the proliferation of the endometrium to support the implantation, and inhibits contractions of the uterine muscle
82
FSH
follicle stimulation hormone
83
LH
luteinizing hormone
84
lochia
vaginal discharge following childbirth
85
oligohydramnios
too little amniotic fluid; associated with an increase in the risk of birth defects and poor fetal growth
86
polyhydramnios
too much amniotic fluid; causes abdominal discomfort and breathing difficulties for the mother; associated with preterm delivery, placental problems, and fetal growth problems
87
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
88
LMP
last menstrual period
89
hyperemesis gravidarum
"morning sickness" that persists after the first trimester
90
teratogen
agent that produces fetal deformities
91
nuchal cord
condition of having the cord wrapped around the baby's neck during delivery; 20% of all deliveries
92
prolapsed umbilical cord
when cord precedes baby down the birth canal
93
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome AKA hyaline membrane disease; baby lungs are not mature enough to produce surfactant
94
MAS
meconium aspiration syndrome
95
placenta abruptio
separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the delivery of the baby; fetal distress appears quickly
96
placenta previa
placenta is positioned over the internal os of the cervix
97
retained placenta
low-lying placenta between the baby's head and the internal os of the cervix; can cause sever bleeding during labor
98
PPH
postpartum hemorrhage
99
PROM
premature rupture of the membranes
100
NT
nuchal translucency; ultrasound measurement of the back of baby's neck which MIGHT help indicate down syndrome of trisomy 18
101
CVS
chorionic villus sampling; uses ultrasound guidance to obtain a sample of placental tissue that can be tested for fetal chromosomal abnormalities
102
oxytocin
pituitary hormone that stimulates the uterus to contract and causes breast milk to be ejected from the alveoli into the duct system
103
prolactin
pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk
104
mastalgia
breast pain; can be associate with breast tenderness and be part of PMS
105
fibroadenomas
circumscribed, small, benign tumors that can either be cystic or solid and can be multiple
106
fibrocystic disease
in the breast presents as irregular cobblestone consistency of the breast, often with intermittent breast discomfort; occurs in over 60% of all women
107
galactorrhea
production of milk when a woman is not breastfeeding; could be due to hormone therapy, antidepressants, tumor of the pituitary gland, and used of street drugs
108
gynecomastia
enlargement of the breast, can be unilateral or bilateral; can occur in both sexes; associated with liver disease, marijuana, or drug therapy
109
breast cancer
affects 1:8 women and occurs rarely in men; breast cancer genes: BRCA1 or BRCA2
110
Paget's disease of the breast
occurs in 5% of breast cancers; nipple and areola become scaly, red, flaky, and itchy due to cancer cells collecting there
111
BSE
breast self-examination; shown to be of questionable value; many breast cancers are discovered during BSE
112
stereoactive biopsy
needle biopsy performed during a mammography
113
lumpectomy
removal of a lesion with preservation of surrounding tissue
114
metri/o
uterus
115
nat/o
birth
116
ante-
before, in front of
117
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
118
endo-
in, within
119
multi-
many, much
120
post-
after
121
primi-
first
122
-arche
beginning
123
-cyesis
pregnancy
124
-gravida
pregnant woman
125
-para
to bear (offspring)
126
-salpinx
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian)
127
-tocia
childbirth, labor
128
-version
turning
129
alteration
modifying the natural anatomic structure of a body part without affecting the function; to improve appearance (cosmetic purposes); ex. breast augmentation, face lift, abdominoplasty, rhinoplasty
130
creation
making a new genital structure that does not physically take the place of a body part; for sex change operations
131
occlusion
completely closing an orifice or the lumen of a tubular body part; ex. fallopian tube ligation to prevent preganancy
132
transfer
moving without taking our all or a portion of a body part to another location to take over the function of all or a portion of a body part; TRAM flap procedure to move transverse rectus abdominis muscle to breast area to create a natural-looking breast
133
Pharmacology: estrogens
treats symptoms of menopause
134
Pharmacology: oxytocics
stimulates and increases contractions of the uterus; induces labor and used after to control bleeding
135
Pharmacology: prostaglandins
causes the uterus to contract strongly enough to spontaneously abort a fetus
