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Med Term > Module 12 Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 12 Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

vestibular bulb

A

erectile body deep to the labia majora on either side of the vaginal orifice

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2
Q

greater vestibular gland

A

AKA Bartholin Gland; secrete mucin which lubricates the vagina

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3
Q

vulvovaginitis

A

allergic and irritation caused by vaginal hygiene products, spermicides, detergents, and synthetic underwear

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4
Q

vulvodynia

A

chronic, lasting, severe pain around the vaginal orifice which feels raw; dyspareunia (painful intercourse) is common

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5
Q

fornix

A

arch-shaped, blind-ended part of the vagina behind and around the cervix

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6
Q

dyspareunia

A

pain during sexual intercourse

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7
Q

paraurethral glands

A

AKA Skene glands; glands in the anterior wall of the vagina that secrete mucin to help lubricate the vagina

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8
Q

vaginosis

A

any disease of the vagina

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9
Q

PID

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

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10
Q

chlamydia

A

known as “silent” disease because infected women and men have no symptoms; when there are signs a vaginal or penile discharge and irritation with dysuria are common

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11
Q

Syphilis

A

caused by spirochete; sexually transmitted then spread through bloodstream to every organ; ulcers known as chancres; starts as primary and evolves to tertiary

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12
Q

trichomoniasis

A

“trich”; caused by parasite trichomonas vaginalis; frothy yellow-green discharge with irritation and itching of the vulva; can be transmitted back and forth between partners

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13
Q

molluscum contagiosum

A

virus that can be sexually transmitted; resulting tumors are small, shiny bumps that have a milky-white fluid inside and can appear anywhere on the body

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14
Q

HPV

A

human papilloma virus; causes genital warts in both men and women; due to sites of the warts around the genitalia, condoms cannot provide complete protection

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15
Q

HSV

A

herpes simplex virus

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16
Q

PGY

A

pregnancy

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17
Q

3 layers of the uterus

A

from outside to inside: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

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18
Q

infundibulum

A

ovarian end of the uterine tubes that open with fingerlike folds called fimbriae; at ovulation the fimbriae enclose the ovary

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19
Q

adnexa of the uterus

A

ovaries an uterine tubes

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20
Q

uterus

A

thick-walled, muscular organ; normally tilts forward (anteverted) over the urinary bladder; 3 regions: fundus, body, cervix

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21
Q

anteverted

A

tilted forward

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22
Q

oogenesis

A

fetus: millions of follicles each containing a primary oocyte
birth to puberty: primordial follicles change to primary follicles
puberty to menopause: 19 out of 20 secondary follicles degenerate; follicle releases oocyte

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23
Q

corpus luteum

A

after follicle releases oocyte it becomes corpus luteum which releases estrogen and progesterone

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24
Q

corpus albicans

A

corpus luteum turns into corpus albicans and after degenerates and is resorbed

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25
Q

ovulation

A

at the beginning of the menstrual cycle as many as 20 primary follicles start maturing, but only one develops fully the remainder degenerate;

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26
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

occurs when a girl has not menstruated by 16;

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27
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

when a woman who has been menstruating normally then misses 3+ periods in a row

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28
Q

primary dysmenorrhea

A

AKA PMS

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29
Q

secondary dysmenorrhea

A

pain associated with disorders such as infection in the genital tract of endometriosis

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30
Q

endometriosis

A

affects 1 in 10 American women of childbearing age; endometrium becomes implanted outside the uterus on the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum which goes through monthly menses; thickens and bleads, but because there is nowhere for the blood to go it leads to cysts and scar tissue

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31
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of the fallopian tubes and is part of pelvic inflammatory disease; bacteria infection spreads from the vagina through the cervix and uterus; symptoms: lower abdominal pain, fever, and vaginal discharge

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32
Q

retroversion of uterus

A

20% of women; tilted back toward rectum

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33
Q

cystocele

A

uterine prolapse accompanied by prolapse of the bladder and anterior vaginal wall

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34
Q

rectocele

A

uterine prolapse accompanied by prolapse of rectum and posterior wall of the vagina

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35
Q

fibroids

A

AKA fibromyomas, leiomyomas, or myomas; noncancerous growths of the uterus that appear during childbearing years; 3:4 women have them but only 1:4 have symptoms; symptoms: menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, polymenorrhea, pelvic pressure

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36
Q

menorrhagia

A

abnormally long, heavy menstrual bleedings

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37
Q

metrorrhagia

A

irregular bleeding between menstrual periods

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38
Q

polymenorrhea

A

too frequent periods and no ovulation

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39
Q

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

DUB; term used when no cause can be found for a patient’s menorrhagia

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40
Q

endometrial polyps

A

benign extensions of the endometrium that can cause irregular and heavy bleeding; can be removed by hysteroscopy or D&C

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41
Q

Menopause

A

when a woman has not menstruated for a year and is not pregnant; estrogen and progesterone start declining around 40 and menstruation ceases from 45-55; without estrogen and progesterone the uterus, vagina, and breasts atrophy and more bone is lost than replaced

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42
Q

endometrial cancer

A

4th most common cancer among women; mostly in ages 60-70; symptom: vaginal bleeding after menopause, vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, dyspareunia

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43
Q

cervical cancer

A

50% of cases occur between 35 and 55; early stages produce no symptoms and may be found on a routine Pap test, in precancerous stage abnormal cells (dysplasia) found only in the outer layer of the cervix.

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44
Q

infertility

A

inability to become pregnant after 1 year of unprotected sex; affects 10-15% of all couples

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45
Q

infrequent ovulation

A

responsible for 20% of female infertility problems when ovulation and menses occur after longer than a month

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46
Q

scarring of the uterine tubes

A

responsible for 30% of female infertility problems; can result from previous surgery, previous tubal pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis; scarring blocks sperm from reaching the egg

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47
Q

structural abnormalities

A

20% of female infertility problems; fibroid tumors, uterine polyps, scarring from infections, abortions and miscarriages can all produce abnormalities of the uterus

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48
Q

rhythm method

A

avoiding sex near time of expected ovulation; 25% failure rate

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49
Q

coitus interruptus

A

pull out method; 20% failure rate

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50
Q

Mifepristone

A

AKA RU-486; when taken with a prostaglandin induces miscarriage; 8% failure rate

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51
Q

tubal ligation

A

getting your tubes tied; performed with laparoscopy; failure rate less than 1%;

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52
Q

tubal anastomosis

A

procedure of rejoining tubes from tubal ligation

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53
Q

progestin

A

synthetic form of progesterone

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54
Q

colposcopy

A

uses a colposcope, and instrument with a magnifying lens and light, to examine the lining of the vagina and cervial canal; performed because a Pap test was abnormal

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55
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

procedure in which hysterosalpingograms (x-rays) are taken after injection of radiopaque dye is inserted; looks at interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes

56
Q

D & C

A

dilation and curettage; surgical procedure where the cervix is dilated so that the cervical canal and uterine endometrium can be scraped to remove abnormal tissues for pathological examination

57
Q

LEEP

A

loop electrosurgical excision procedure; wire hoop heated by electricity to remove tissue from vagina and cervix for pathological exam

58
Q

LMP

A

last menstrual period

59
Q

oophorectomy

A

surgical removal of one or both ovaries

60
Q

myomectomy

A

removes fibroids surgically, leaving the uterus in place

61
Q

sacral colpopexy

A

treats pelvic organ prolapse by suspending the vaginal vault to the sacral promontory using a graft of surgical mesh

62
Q

colporrhaphy

A

surgical repair of a vaginal wall because of cystocele or rectocele

63
Q

salpingectomy

A

surgical removal of the uterine tubes

64
Q

pessary

A

appliance inserted into the vagina to support the uterus

65
Q

morula

A

ball of cells formed from the cellular division of a zygote

66
Q

blastocyst

A

developing embryo in the first 2 weeks; gets implanted into the endometrium

67
Q

dizygotic twins

A

produced when two eggs are released by the ovary and fertilized by two separate sperm

68
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins are produced when a single egg is fertilized and later two inner cell masses form within a single blastocyst each producing an embryo; identical twins

69
Q

embryonic period

A

from weeks 2-8; most external structures and internal organs are formed including placenta, umbilical cord, amnion, yolk sac, and chorion;

70
Q

amnion

A

fluid-filled sac that protects the embryo; contains amniotic fluid

71
Q

yolk sac

A

small sac arising from the ventral surface of the embryo; contributes to the formation of the digestive tract and produces blood cells and future sex germ cells

72
Q

chorio

A

forms placenta by penetrating deeply into the endometrium

73
Q

placenta

A

sufrace facing the fetus is smooth and gives rise to the umbilical cord which contains two arteries and one vein; surface attached to the uterine wall consists of treelike structures called chorionic villi

74
Q

functions of placenta:

A

transport nutrients from mother to fetus; transport nitrogenous wastes from fetus to mother (for excretion); transport oxygen and CO2; transport maternal antibodies to fetus; secrete hormones

75
Q

fetus

A

from 8th week to birth;

76
Q

gravida

A

pregnant woman; abortus + paras = gravida

77
Q

parity

A

number of deliveries

78
Q

abortus

A

losses of pregnancy before the twentieth week

79
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin; presence in the mother blood and urine is the basis for pregnancy tests; can be detected as early as 9 or 10 days after conception; stimulates the growth of the corpus luteum and its production of estrogen and progesterone

80
Q

estrogen

A

stimulates the mother’s uterus to enlarge and her breasts to increase to twice their normal size; make pelvic joints and ligaments more flexible so that the pelvic outlet widens for childbirth

81
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by corpus luteum and hte placenta; suppresses further ovulation, prevents menstruation, stimulate the proliferation of the endometrium to support the implantation, and inhibits contractions of the uterine muscle

82
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulation hormone

83
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

84
Q

lochia

A

vaginal discharge following childbirth

85
Q

oligohydramnios

A

too little amniotic fluid; associated with an increase in the risk of birth defects and poor fetal growth

86
Q

polyhydramnios

A

too much amniotic fluid; causes abdominal discomfort and breathing difficulties for the mother; associated with preterm delivery, placental problems, and fetal growth problems

87
Q

GDM

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

88
Q

LMP

A

last menstrual period

89
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum

A

“morning sickness” that persists after the first trimester

90
Q

teratogen

A

agent that produces fetal deformities

91
Q

nuchal cord

A

condition of having the cord wrapped around the baby’s neck during delivery; 20% of all deliveries

92
Q

prolapsed umbilical cord

A

when cord precedes baby down the birth canal

93
Q

RDS

A

respiratory distress syndrome AKA hyaline membrane disease; baby lungs are not mature enough to produce surfactant

94
Q

MAS

A

meconium aspiration syndrome

95
Q

placenta abruptio

A

separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the delivery of the baby; fetal distress appears quickly

96
Q

placenta previa

A

placenta is positioned over the internal os of the cervix

97
Q

retained placenta

A

low-lying placenta between the baby’s head and the internal os of the cervix; can cause sever bleeding during labor

98
Q

PPH

A

postpartum hemorrhage

99
Q

PROM

A

premature rupture of the membranes

100
Q

NT

A

nuchal translucency; ultrasound measurement of the back of baby’s neck which MIGHT help indicate down syndrome of trisomy 18

101
Q

CVS

A

chorionic villus sampling; uses ultrasound guidance to obtain a sample of placental tissue that can be tested for fetal chromosomal abnormalities

102
Q

oxytocin

A

pituitary hormone that stimulates the uterus to contract and causes breast milk to be ejected from the alveoli into the duct system

103
Q

prolactin

A

pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk

104
Q

mastalgia

A

breast pain; can be associate with breast tenderness and be part of PMS

105
Q

fibroadenomas

A

circumscribed, small, benign tumors that can either be cystic or solid and can be multiple

106
Q

fibrocystic disease

A

in the breast presents as irregular cobblestone consistency of the breast, often with intermittent breast discomfort; occurs in over 60% of all women

107
Q

galactorrhea

A

production of milk when a woman is not breastfeeding; could be due to hormone therapy, antidepressants, tumor of the pituitary gland, and used of street drugs

108
Q

gynecomastia

A

enlargement of the breast, can be unilateral or bilateral; can occur in both sexes; associated with liver disease, marijuana, or drug therapy

109
Q

breast cancer

A

affects 1:8 women and occurs rarely in men; breast cancer genes: BRCA1 or BRCA2

110
Q

Paget’s disease of the breast

A

occurs in 5% of breast cancers; nipple and areola become scaly, red, flaky, and itchy due to cancer cells collecting there

111
Q

BSE

A

breast self-examination; shown to be of questionable value; many breast cancers are discovered during BSE

112
Q

stereoactive biopsy

A

needle biopsy performed during a mammography

113
Q

lumpectomy

A

removal of a lesion with preservation of surrounding tissue

114
Q

metri/o

A

uterus

115
Q

nat/o

A

birth

116
Q

ante-

A

before, in front of

117
Q

dys-

A

bad, painful, difficult

118
Q

endo-

A

in, within

119
Q

multi-

A

many, much

120
Q

post-

A

after

121
Q

primi-

A

first

122
Q

-arche

A

beginning

123
Q

-cyesis

A

pregnancy

124
Q

-gravida

A

pregnant woman

125
Q

-para

A

to bear (offspring)

126
Q

-salpinx

A

tube (usually fallopian or eustachian)

127
Q

-tocia

A

childbirth, labor

128
Q

-version

A

turning

129
Q

alteration

A

modifying the natural anatomic structure of a body part without affecting the function; to improve appearance (cosmetic purposes); ex. breast augmentation, face lift, abdominoplasty, rhinoplasty

130
Q

creation

A

making a new genital structure that does not physically take the place of a body part; for sex change operations

131
Q

occlusion

A

completely closing an orifice or the lumen of a tubular body part; ex. fallopian tube ligation to prevent preganancy

132
Q

transfer

A

moving without taking our all or a portion of a body part to another location to take over the function of all or a portion of a body part; TRAM flap procedure to move transverse rectus abdominis muscle to breast area to create a natural-looking breast

133
Q

Pharmacology: estrogens

A

treats symptoms of menopause

134
Q

Pharmacology: oxytocics

A

stimulates and increases contractions of the uterus; induces labor and used after to control bleeding

135
Q

Pharmacology: prostaglandins

A

causes the uterus to contract strongly enough to spontaneously abort a fetus

Med Term (17 decks)

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