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Med Term > Module 8 Blood Systems > Flashcards

Module 8 Blood Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Hematocrit

A

Hct; % total blood volume composed of RBCs; 40-54% males & 38-47% females

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2
Q

plasma

A

non-hemocrit part of the blood (~55%); 91% water; contains proteins named: albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

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3
Q

dL

A

deciliter (1/10th of a liter)

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4
Q

fL

A

femtoliter; one-quadrillionth of a liter

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5
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin; average amount of hemoglobin in the average RBC

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6
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of RBCs

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7
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume; average volume of a RBC

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8
Q

mcg

A

microgram; one millionth of a gram

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9
Q

NSAID

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

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10
Q

pg

A

picogram; one-trillionth of a gram

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11
Q

TIBC

A

total iron-binding capacity; the amount of iron needed to saturate transferrin, the protein that transports iron in the blood

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12
Q

WBC

A

white blood cell

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13
Q

colloid

A

liquid containing suspended particles

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14
Q

fibrin

A

stringy protein fiber that is a component of a blood clot

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15
Q

fibrinogen

A

precursor of fibrin in blood-clotting process

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16
Q

globulin

A

family of blood proteins

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17
Q

hemoglobin

A

red-pigmented protein that is the main component of RBCs

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18
Q

index

A

standard indicator of measurement relating one component to another

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19
Q

microcytic

A

pertaining to small cells

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20
Q

plasma

A

fluid, noncellular component of blood

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21
Q

serum

A

fluid remaining after removal of cells and fibrin clot

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22
Q

-crit

A

to separate

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23
Q

-oid

A

appearance of

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24
Q

coll-

A

glue

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25
Q

functions of the blood

A
  1. maintain homeostasis
  2. Maintain temp
  3. Transport nutrients, vitamins, and minerals
  4. transport waste products
  5. transport hormones
  6. transport gases
  7. protect against foreign substances
  8. form clots
  9. regulate pH and osmosis
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26
Q

blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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27
Q

osmosis

A

passage of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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28
Q

pH

A

hydrogen ion concentration

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29
Q

buffer

A

substance that resists a change in pH

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30
Q

creatinine

A

breakdown product o the skeletal muscle protein creatine

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31
Q

urea

A

end product of nitrogen metabolism

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32
Q

viscous

A

sticky; resisting flowing

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33
Q

Hb

A

hemoglobin

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34
Q

heme

A

iron containing pigment

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35
Q

functions of RBCs

A
  1. transport O2
  2. transport CO2
  3. transport NO
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36
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone produced in the kidneys and liver which controls rate of RBC production

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37
Q

RBC

A

average life span of 120 days

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38
Q

bioncave

A

shape of RBCs; hollowed surface on both sides of a structure

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39
Q

-blast

A

germ cell

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40
Q

-poiesis

A

to make

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41
Q

macrophage

A

large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells

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42
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

Hb in combination with oxygen

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43
Q

reticulocyte

A

immature RBC

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44
Q

anemia

A

low RBCs or amount of hemoglobin each RBC contains

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45
Q

PA

A

pernicious anemia; due to B12 deficiency; RBCs decrease in number and Hb concentration and increase in size

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46
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic disorder found mostly in African Americans, Africans, and some Mediterranean populations; RBCs form rigid sickle cell shape which agglutinate (stick together) and block small capillaries

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47
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

due to excessive destruction of both normal and abnormal RBCs; can be caused by toxic substances like snake and spider venom, mushroom toxins, and drug reactions

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48
Q

aplastic anemia

A

condition in which bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient new cells of all types– red cells, white cells, and platelets

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49
Q

polycythemia vera

A

overproduction of RBCs and WBCs due to unknown cause

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50
Q

hemolysis

A

destruction of RBCs so that hemoglobin is liberated

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51
Q

hypochromic

A

pale in color; as in RBCs when hemoglobin is deficient

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52
Q

pallor

A

paleness of the skin or RBC

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53
Q

poikilocytic

A

pertaining to an irregular-shaped RBC

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54
Q

thalassemia

A

group of inherited blood disorders that produce a hemolytic anemia and occur in people living around the Mediterranean Sea

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55
Q

neutrophils

A

normally 50-70% WBC count; also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs); phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and some viruses

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56
Q

Eosinophils

A

normally 2-4% WBC count; mobile cells that leave the bloodstream to enter tissue undergoing an allergic response

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57
Q

Basophils

A

normally less than 1% of total WBC count; migrate to damaged tissues where they release histamine (which increases blood flow) and heparin (which prevents blood clotting)

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58
Q

Granulocytes

A

have granular cytoplasm surrounding a nucleus; 3 types of granulocyte WBCs: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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59
Q

leukocyte

A

aka WBC

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60
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant secreted particularly by liver cells

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61
Q

agranulocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes that don’t have granules in their cytoplasm

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62
Q

monocytes

A

largest blood cell; normally 3-8% of total WBC count; leave bloodstream and become macrophages that phagocytize bacteria, dead neutrophils, and dead cells in the tissues

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63
Q

lymphocytes

A

2 main types: b cells and t cells; normally 25-35% total WBC count; smallest types of WBC; produced in red bone marrow and migrate through bloodstream to lymphatic tissues–lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus

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64
Q

b cells

A

differentiate into plasma cells, stimulated by bacteria or toxins to produce antibodies or immunoglobulins

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65
Q

t cells

A

attach directly to foreign antigen-bearing cells such

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66
Q

antibody

A

protein produced in response to an antigen

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67
Q

immunoglobulin

A

specific protein evoked by an antigen; all antibodies are immunoglobulins

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68
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia; most common leukemia in children

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69
Q

EBV

A

ebstein-barr virus

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70
Q

mm3

A

cubic millimeter

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71
Q

leukocytosis

A

presence of too many WBCs

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72
Q

leukopenia

A

presence of too few WBCs

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73
Q

pancytopenia

A

presence of too few RBCs WBCs and platelets

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74
Q

3 causes of leukocytosis:

A

neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia

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75
Q

neutrophilia

A

increase in the number and percentage of neutrophils; due to bacterial infections- ex. appendicitis or bacterial pneumonia

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76
Q

eosinophilia

A

increase in number of eosinophils; occurs with allergic reactions or parasitic infection

77
Q

basophilia

A

increase of basophils; can be caused by allergic reactions or infection due to TB, chicken pox, or the flu

78
Q

monocytosis

A

condition of increased monocytes; occurs in cases of chronic infection and autoimmune diseases

79
Q

lymphocytosis

A

increase in number of lymphocytes; can be caused by infection, HIV/AIDS, mono

80
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of hematopoietic tissues and produces a high number of leukocytes and their precursors; makes patient anemic and vulnerable to infection and bleeding

81
Q

myeloid leukemia

A

uncontrolled production of granulocytes and their precursors; starts in bone marrow

82
Q

lymphoid leukemia

A

uncontrolled production of lymphocytes; includes ALL

83
Q

pancytopenia

A

occurs when RBCs, WBCs, and thrombocytes (platelets) are reduced in the circulating blood; can occur with cancer chemotherapy

84
Q

myeloid

A

resembling cells derived from bone marrow

85
Q

platelet

A

aka thrombocyte; cell fragment involved in clotting process

86
Q

hemostasis

A

controlling or stopping bleeding

87
Q

vWF

A

von Willebrand factor

88
Q

vWD

A

von Willebrand disease; deficiency of a specific protein of the factor VIII complex that is different from the part involved in hemophilia

89
Q

3 steps of hemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm- immediate but temporary constriction of the injured blood vessel
  2. platelet plug formation-platelets bind together and adhere to surrounding tissues
  3. blood coagulation- process beginning with production of molecules that make prothrombin and thrombin and finishing with formation of a blood clot
90
Q

Process of blood coagulation

A

tissue factors, clotting factors & platelets convert prothrombin to thrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin clot

91
Q

fibroblast

A

cell that forms collagen fibers

92
Q

megakaryocyte

A

large cell with nucleus; large bone marrow cells

93
Q

prothrombin

A

protein formed by the liver and converted to thrombin in the blood-clotting mechanism

94
Q

thrombin

A

enzyme that forms fibrin

95
Q

thrombus

A

clot attached to a blood vessel or heart lining

96
Q

thrombosis

A

formation of a thrombus

97
Q

coagulopathies

A

disorders of coagulation

98
Q

hemophilia

A

hemophilia A is a disease males inherit from their mothers and is due to deficiency of a coagulation factor called factor VIII

99
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

DIC; occurs when clotting mechanism is activated simultaneously through the CV system; small clots form a obstruct blood flow into tissues and organs, particularly the kidneys, leading to renal failure

100
Q

emoblus

A

detached piece of thrombus, a mass of bacteria, quantity of air, or foreign body that blocks a blood vessel

101
Q

thrombus

A

cloth that attaches to diseased or damaged areas on the walls of the blood vessels or heart

102
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count; occurs when bone marrow is destroyed by radiation, chemo, or leukemia; petechiae can be seen in the skin

103
Q

petechiae

A

small capillary hemorrhages

104
Q

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

ITP; acute self limiting form of thrombocytopenia usually seen in children

105
Q

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

TTP; acute, potentially fatal disorders in which strands of fibrin are deposited in numerous small blood vessels; causes damage to platelets, RBCs

106
Q

purpura

A

bleeding into the skin from small arterioles that procuces a larger individual lesion than petechiae from capillary bleeding

107
Q

hematomas

A

(bruises) are extravasations of blood from all types of blood vessels

108
Q

disseminate

A

widely scatter throughout the body or an organ

109
Q

extravasate

A

to ooze out from a vessel into the tissues

110
Q

ABO blood group

A

shows different combinations of antigens and antibodies in the different blood types

111
Q

agluttination

A

process by which cells or other particles adhere to each other to form clumps

112
Q

antibody

A

protein produced in response to an antigen

113
Q

antigen

A

any susbstance that can trigger an immune respons

114
Q

infusion

A

introduction intravenously of a substance other than blood

115
Q

rhesus (Rh) blood group

A

the positive or negative part of blood type; if Rh antigen is present on RB the blood is Rh+, if no Rh antigen then Rh-; presence or absence is inherited

116
Q

HDN

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis); hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility

117
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count; measure: RBC count, amount of hemoglobin preset, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC count, WBC differential, and platelet count

118
Q

serum iron

A

amount of iron in the blood

119
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate; non-specific measure of inflammation

120
Q

monospot test

A

used to diagnose infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV; detects the presence of antibodies that the body develop in response to external antigens

121
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

found in bone marrow and are capable of generating all our blood cells; currently used in clinical trials to treat hemophilia and thalassemia

122
Q

gene therapy

A

experimental technique to treat or prevent disease by replacing a mutated gene with a healthy copy by inactivating a mutated gene that is functioning improperly or by introducing a new gene into the body

123
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

124
Q

INO

A

international normalized ratio

125
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

126
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

127
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume

128
Q

PT

A

prothombin time

129
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

130
Q

allogen

A

antigen from someone else i the same species

131
Q

aspiration

A

removal by suction of fluid of gas from a body cavity

132
Q

autologous

A

blood transfusion with same person as donor and recipient

133
Q

corpuscle

A

a blood cell

134
Q

ferritin

A

iron-protein complex that regulates iron storage and transport

135
Q

transfusion

A

transfer of blood or a blood component from donor to recipient

136
Q

transplant

A

tissue or organ used or the act of transferring tissue from one person to another

137
Q

anticoagulants

A

reduce or prevent blood clotting; aspirin, heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), streptokinase

138
Q

Recombinant Factor VIII

A

main medication used to treat hemophilia A

139
Q

Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

A

synthetic version of vasopressin that helps stop bleeding in patients with mild hemophilia

140
Q

pernicious anemia

A

treated with injections of B12 and then B12 can be given through a nasal gel

141
Q

Eltrombopag (Promacta)

A

for pediatric patients with ITP who have not responded to corticosteroids, immunoglobulins or slepnectomy

142
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment using chemical agents

143
Q

parenteral

A

administering medication by any means other than the GI tract

144
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA altered by inserting anew sequence of DNA into the chain

145
Q

streptokinase

A

an enzyme that dissolves clots

146
Q

vasopressin

A

pituitary hormone that constricts blood vessels and decreases urinary output

147
Q

disease processes related to RBCs

A

iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia

148
Q

Disease processes related to WBCs

A

leukopenia, monocytosis, lymphocytosis, leukemia, pancytopenia

149
Q

Disease processes related to platelets

A

hemophilia, vWD, thrombus, embolus, TTP

150
Q

sepsis

A

blood infection due to either fungus, virus, or bacteria. most common is bacteremia

151
Q

SIRS

A

systemic inflammatory response syndrome

152
Q

origins of sepsis

A

abdominal or digestive system infections (peritonitis), lung infections (pneumonia, bronchitis), urinary tract infections, reproductive tract infections (syphilis, gonorrhea)

153
Q

3 stages of sepsis:

A
  1. septicemia or blood poisoning- inflammation through the whole body
  2. severe sepsis- infection blocks blood flow to kidneys or brain, leading to organ failure, possible blood clots, and gangrene
  3. septic shock- dropped BP, respiratory heart or organ failure or death; exhibit signs of hypothermia and unresponsiveness
154
Q

tests for diagnosing sepsis:

A

blood draws to check for bacteria, urine tests, O2 levels in an ABG, cultures of blood, sputum, mucus secretions or other open wounds, brain or spinal fluid tests, x-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds, MRIs

155
Q

treatments for sepsis:

A

IV antibiotics, vaso pressure medications (to increase BP), insulin, corticosteroids, IV fluids for dehydration, surgery to remove infections (ex. gangrenous toes), oxygen therapy

156
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping, gluing

157
Q

bas/o

A

alkaline

158
Q

blast/o

A

embryonic

159
Q

chrom/o

A

color

160
Q

eosin/o

A

dawn (rose-colored)

161
Q

globin/o

A

protein

162
Q

morph/o

A

shape

163
Q

reticul/o

A

net, mesh

164
Q

sider/o

A

iron

165
Q

-blast

A

embryonic cell

166
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

167
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition, increase (primarily used with blood cells)

168
Q

-poiesis

A

formation, production

169
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

170
Q

allo-

A

other, differing from normal

171
Q

aniso-

A

unequal, dissimilar

172
Q

iso-

A

same, equal

173
Q

anticoagulants

A

route: oral, intravenous
names: Heparin, Heparin Sodium, Warfarin, Coumadin

174
Q

antifibrinolytics

A

Action: prevent the breakdown of clots
Route: Oral, Intravenous
Names: aminocaproic acid, Amicar

175
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Action: slows or blocks malignant cell growth
Route: IV, radiation, intramuscular, oral, topical
Names: Tamoxifen, Cisplatin, Vincristine

176
Q

Coagulants

A

Route: oral, IV
Names: Vitamin K, Anti-inhibitor coagulant complex, Autoplex T

177
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Action: Prevents bleeding disorders resulting rom a lack of prothrombin
Route: Oral, IV
Names: Phytonadione, VitK1, Mephyton

178
Q

Hemostatics

A

Action: To Stop bleeding
Route: topical, oral
Names: Vitamin K, Thrombin

179
Q

Throbolytics

A

Action: Dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin stands
Route: IV
Names: Alteplase, Activase, t-PA, streptokinase, Streptase

180
Q

Hematinics

A

Action: increase amount of hemoglobin in RBCs
Route; oral, IV, intramuscular
Names: VitB12, Folic Acid, Iron

181
Q

Surgical Approach

A

“access location” referring to external body site through which the internal site of the operation is reached

182
Q

7 surgical approaches

A
  1. open
  2. percutaneous
  3. percutaneous endoscopic
  4. via natural or artificial opening
  5. via natural or artificial opening endoscopic
  6. open with percutaneous endoscopic assistance
  7. external
183
Q

Surgical Approach- Open:

A

cuts through the skin or mucous membrane and other body layers necessary to expose procedure site; ex. abdominal hysterectomy

184
Q

Surgical Approach- Percutaneous:

A

entry to surgical site made by a puncture or minor incision to reach site of procedure; uses non-visualization instrument such as needles or catheters; ex. needle biopsy of the liver

185
Q

Surgical Approach- percutaneous endoscopic

A

entry made with instruments puncture or minor incision AND uses a tool for visualization; ex. laparoscopic cholecystectomy

186
Q

Surgical Approach- Via natural or artificial opening

A

entry made by introducing instrumentation through a natural or artificial opening; ex. Foley catheter placement

187
Q

Surgical Approach- via natural or artificial opening endoscopic

A

Entry to the surgical site is made by introducing instrumentation through a natural or artificial external opening to reach and visualize the site of the procedure; ex. transurethral cystoscopy with removal of a bladder stone

188
Q

Surgical Approach- Via Natural or Artificial Opening with Percutaneous Endoscopic Assistance

A

Entry is made by instrumentation through a natural or artificial external opening and entry to the site is made by puncture or minor incision AND use of a visual tool; ex. laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy

189
Q

Surgical Approach- external

A

no “entry”, instead, performed on skin or mucous membrane or indirectly by application of external force through skin or mucous membrane; ex, closed reduction of a fracture

Med Term (17 decks)

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