Module 8 Blood Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Hematocrit
A
Hct; % total blood volume composed of RBCs; 40-54% males & 38-47% females
2
Q
plasma
A
non-hemocrit part of the blood (~55%); 91% water; contains proteins named: albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
3
Q
dL
A
deciliter (1/10th of a liter)
4
Q
fL
A
femtoliter; one-quadrillionth of a liter
5
Q
MCH
A
mean corpuscular hemoglobin; average amount of hemoglobin in the average RBC
6
Q
MCHC
A
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of RBCs
7
Q
MCV
A
mean corpuscular volume; average volume of a RBC
8
Q
mcg
A
microgram; one millionth of a gram
9
Q
NSAID
A
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
10
Q
pg
A
picogram; one-trillionth of a gram
11
Q
TIBC
A
total iron-binding capacity; the amount of iron needed to saturate transferrin, the protein that transports iron in the blood
12
Q
WBC
A
white blood cell
13
Q
colloid
A
liquid containing suspended particles
14
Q
fibrin
A
stringy protein fiber that is a component of a blood clot
15
Q
fibrinogen
A
precursor of fibrin in blood-clotting process
16
Q
globulin
A
family of blood proteins
17
Q
hemoglobin
A
red-pigmented protein that is the main component of RBCs
18
Q
index
A
standard indicator of measurement relating one component to another
19
Q
microcytic
A
pertaining to small cells
20
Q
plasma
A
fluid, noncellular component of blood
21
Q
serum
A
fluid remaining after removal of cells and fibrin clot
22
Q
-crit
A
to separate
23
Q
-oid
A
appearance of
24
Q
coll-
A
glue
25
functions of the blood
1. maintain homeostasis
2. Maintain temp
3. Transport nutrients, vitamins, and minerals
4. transport waste products
5. transport hormones
6. transport gases
7. protect against foreign substances
8. form clots
9. regulate pH and osmosis
26
blood pH
7.35-7.45
27
osmosis
passage of water through a selectively permeable membrane
28
pH
hydrogen ion concentration
29
buffer
substance that resists a change in pH
30
creatinine
breakdown product o the skeletal muscle protein creatine
31
urea
end product of nitrogen metabolism
32
viscous
sticky; resisting flowing
33
Hb
hemoglobin
34
heme
iron containing pigment
35
functions of RBCs
1. transport O2
2. transport CO2
3. transport NO
36
erythropoietin
hormone produced in the kidneys and liver which controls rate of RBC production
37
RBC
average life span of 120 days
38
bioncave
shape of RBCs; hollowed surface on both sides of a structure
39
-blast
germ cell
40
-poiesis
to make
41
macrophage
large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells
42
oxyhemoglobin
Hb in combination with oxygen
43
reticulocyte
immature RBC
44
anemia
low RBCs or amount of hemoglobin each RBC contains
45
PA
pernicious anemia; due to B12 deficiency; RBCs decrease in number and Hb concentration and increase in size
46
sickle cell anemia
genetic disorder found mostly in African Americans, Africans, and some Mediterranean populations; RBCs form rigid sickle cell shape which agglutinate (stick together) and block small capillaries
47
hemolytic anemia
due to excessive destruction of both normal and abnormal RBCs; can be caused by toxic substances like snake and spider venom, mushroom toxins, and drug reactions
48
aplastic anemia
condition in which bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient new cells of all types-- red cells, white cells, and platelets
49
polycythemia vera
overproduction of RBCs and WBCs due to unknown cause
50
hemolysis
destruction of RBCs so that hemoglobin is liberated
51
hypochromic
pale in color; as in RBCs when hemoglobin is deficient
52
pallor
paleness of the skin or RBC
53
poikilocytic
pertaining to an irregular-shaped RBC
54
thalassemia
group of inherited blood disorders that produce a hemolytic anemia and occur in people living around the Mediterranean Sea
55
neutrophils
normally 50-70% WBC count; also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs); phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and some viruses
56
Eosinophils
normally 2-4% WBC count; mobile cells that leave the bloodstream to enter tissue undergoing an allergic response
57
Basophils
normally less than 1% of total WBC count; migrate to damaged tissues where they release histamine (which increases blood flow) and heparin (which prevents blood clotting)
58
Granulocytes
have granular cytoplasm surrounding a nucleus; 3 types of granulocyte WBCs: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
59
leukocyte
aka WBC
60
heparin
anticoagulant secreted particularly by liver cells
61
agranulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes that don't have granules in their cytoplasm
62
monocytes
largest blood cell; normally 3-8% of total WBC count; leave bloodstream and become macrophages that phagocytize bacteria, dead neutrophils, and dead cells in the tissues
63
lymphocytes
2 main types: b cells and t cells; normally 25-35% total WBC count; smallest types of WBC; produced in red bone marrow and migrate through bloodstream to lymphatic tissues--lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus
64
b cells
differentiate into plasma cells, stimulated by bacteria or toxins to produce antibodies or immunoglobulins
65
t cells
attach directly to foreign antigen-bearing cells such
66
antibody
protein produced in response to an antigen
67
immunoglobulin
specific protein evoked by an antigen; all antibodies are immunoglobulins
68
ALL
acute lymphoblastic leukemia; most common leukemia in children
69
EBV
ebstein-barr virus
70
mm3
cubic millimeter
71
leukocytosis
presence of too many WBCs
72
leukopenia
presence of too few WBCs
73
pancytopenia
presence of too few RBCs WBCs and platelets
74
3 causes of leukocytosis:
neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia
75
neutrophilia
increase in the number and percentage of neutrophils; due to bacterial infections- ex. appendicitis or bacterial pneumonia
76
eosinophilia
increase in number of eosinophils; occurs with allergic reactions or parasitic infection
77
basophilia
increase of basophils; can be caused by allergic reactions or infection due to TB, chicken pox, or the flu
78
monocytosis
condition of increased monocytes; occurs in cases of chronic infection and autoimmune diseases
79
lymphocytosis
increase in number of lymphocytes; can be caused by infection, HIV/AIDS, mono
80
leukemia
cancer of hematopoietic tissues and produces a high number of leukocytes and their precursors; makes patient anemic and vulnerable to infection and bleeding
81
myeloid leukemia
uncontrolled production of granulocytes and their precursors; starts in bone marrow
82
lymphoid leukemia
uncontrolled production of lymphocytes; includes ALL
83
pancytopenia
occurs when RBCs, WBCs, and thrombocytes (platelets) are reduced in the circulating blood; can occur with cancer chemotherapy
84
myeloid
resembling cells derived from bone marrow
85
platelet
aka thrombocyte; cell fragment involved in clotting process
86
hemostasis
controlling or stopping bleeding
87
vWF
von Willebrand factor
88
vWD
von Willebrand disease; deficiency of a specific protein of the factor VIII complex that is different from the part involved in hemophilia
89
3 steps of hemostasis
1. vascular spasm- immediate but temporary constriction of the injured blood vessel
2. platelet plug formation-platelets bind together and adhere to surrounding tissues
3. blood coagulation- process beginning with production of molecules that make prothrombin and thrombin and finishing with formation of a blood clot
90
Process of blood coagulation
tissue factors, clotting factors & platelets convert prothrombin to thrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin clot
91
fibroblast
cell that forms collagen fibers
92
megakaryocyte
large cell with nucleus; large bone marrow cells
93
prothrombin
protein formed by the liver and converted to thrombin in the blood-clotting mechanism
94
thrombin
enzyme that forms fibrin
95
thrombus
clot attached to a blood vessel or heart lining
96
thrombosis
formation of a thrombus
97
coagulopathies
disorders of coagulation
98
hemophilia
hemophilia A is a disease males inherit from their mothers and is due to deficiency of a coagulation factor called factor VIII
99
disseminated intravascular coagulation
DIC; occurs when clotting mechanism is activated simultaneously through the CV system; small clots form a obstruct blood flow into tissues and organs, particularly the kidneys, leading to renal failure
100
emoblus
detached piece of thrombus, a mass of bacteria, quantity of air, or foreign body that blocks a blood vessel
101
thrombus
cloth that attaches to diseased or damaged areas on the walls of the blood vessels or heart
102
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count; occurs when bone marrow is destroyed by radiation, chemo, or leukemia; petechiae can be seen in the skin
103
petechiae
small capillary hemorrhages
104
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
ITP; acute self limiting form of thrombocytopenia usually seen in children
105
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
TTP; acute, potentially fatal disorders in which strands of fibrin are deposited in numerous small blood vessels; causes damage to platelets, RBCs
106
purpura
bleeding into the skin from small arterioles that procuces a larger individual lesion than petechiae from capillary bleeding
107
hematomas
(bruises) are extravasations of blood from all types of blood vessels
108
disseminate
widely scatter throughout the body or an organ
109
extravasate
to ooze out from a vessel into the tissues
110
ABO blood group
shows different combinations of antigens and antibodies in the different blood types
111
agluttination
process by which cells or other particles adhere to each other to form clumps
112
antibody
protein produced in response to an antigen
113
antigen
any susbstance that can trigger an immune respons
114
infusion
introduction intravenously of a substance other than blood
115
rhesus (Rh) blood group
the positive or negative part of blood type; if Rh antigen is present on RB the blood is Rh+, if no Rh antigen then Rh-; presence or absence is inherited
116
HDN
hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis); hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility
117
CBC
complete blood count; measure: RBC count, amount of hemoglobin preset, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC count, WBC differential, and platelet count
118
serum iron
amount of iron in the blood
119
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate; non-specific measure of inflammation
120
monospot test
used to diagnose infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV; detects the presence of antibodies that the body develop in response to external antigens
121
hematopoietic stem cells
found in bone marrow and are capable of generating all our blood cells; currently used in clinical trials to treat hemophilia and thalassemia
122
gene therapy
experimental technique to treat or prevent disease by replacing a mutated gene with a healthy copy by inactivating a mutated gene that is functioning improperly or by introducing a new gene into the body
123
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
124
INO
international normalized ratio
125
MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
126
MCHC
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
127
MCV
mean corpuscular volume
128
PT
prothombin time
129
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
130
allogen
antigen from someone else i the same species
131
aspiration
removal by suction of fluid of gas from a body cavity
132
autologous
blood transfusion with same person as donor and recipient
133
corpuscle
a blood cell
134
ferritin
iron-protein complex that regulates iron storage and transport
135
transfusion
transfer of blood or a blood component from donor to recipient
136
transplant
tissue or organ used or the act of transferring tissue from one person to another
137
anticoagulants
reduce or prevent blood clotting; aspirin, heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), streptokinase
138
Recombinant Factor VIII
main medication used to treat hemophilia A
139
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)
synthetic version of vasopressin that helps stop bleeding in patients with mild hemophilia
140
pernicious anemia
treated with injections of B12 and then B12 can be given through a nasal gel
141
Eltrombopag (Promacta)
for pediatric patients with ITP who have not responded to corticosteroids, immunoglobulins or slepnectomy
142
chemotherapy
treatment using chemical agents
143
parenteral
administering medication by any means other than the GI tract
144
recombinant DNA
DNA altered by inserting anew sequence of DNA into the chain
145
streptokinase
an enzyme that dissolves clots
146
vasopressin
pituitary hormone that constricts blood vessels and decreases urinary output
147
disease processes related to RBCs
iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia
148
Disease processes related to WBCs
leukopenia, monocytosis, lymphocytosis, leukemia, pancytopenia
149
Disease processes related to platelets
hemophilia, vWD, thrombus, embolus, TTP
150
sepsis
blood infection due to either fungus, virus, or bacteria. most common is bacteremia
151
SIRS
systemic inflammatory response syndrome
152
origins of sepsis
abdominal or digestive system infections (peritonitis), lung infections (pneumonia, bronchitis), urinary tract infections, reproductive tract infections (syphilis, gonorrhea)
153
3 stages of sepsis:
1. septicemia or blood poisoning- inflammation through the whole body
2. severe sepsis- infection blocks blood flow to kidneys or brain, leading to organ failure, possible blood clots, and gangrene
3. septic shock- dropped BP, respiratory heart or organ failure or death; exhibit signs of hypothermia and unresponsiveness
154
tests for diagnosing sepsis:
blood draws to check for bacteria, urine tests, O2 levels in an ABG, cultures of blood, sputum, mucus secretions or other open wounds, brain or spinal fluid tests, x-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds, MRIs
155
treatments for sepsis:
IV antibiotics, vaso pressure medications (to increase BP), insulin, corticosteroids, IV fluids for dehydration, surgery to remove infections (ex. gangrenous toes), oxygen therapy
156
agglutin/o
clumping, gluing
157
bas/o
alkaline
158
blast/o
embryonic
159
chrom/o
color
160
eosin/o
dawn (rose-colored)
161
globin/o
protein
162
morph/o
shape
163
reticul/o
net, mesh
164
sider/o
iron
165
-blast
embryonic cell
166
-emia
blood condition
167
-osis
abnormal condition, increase (primarily used with blood cells)
168
-poiesis
formation, production
169
-stasis
standing still
170
allo-
other, differing from normal
171
aniso-
unequal, dissimilar
172
iso-
same, equal
173
anticoagulants
route: oral, intravenous
names: Heparin, Heparin Sodium, Warfarin, Coumadin
174
antifibrinolytics
Action: prevent the breakdown of clots
Route: Oral, Intravenous
Names: aminocaproic acid, Amicar
175
Chemotherapy
Action: slows or blocks malignant cell growth
Route: IV, radiation, intramuscular, oral, topical
Names: Tamoxifen, Cisplatin, Vincristine
176
Coagulants
Route: oral, IV
Names: Vitamin K, Anti-inhibitor coagulant complex, Autoplex T
177
Fat-soluble vitamins
Action: Prevents bleeding disorders resulting rom a lack of prothrombin
Route: Oral, IV
Names: Phytonadione, VitK1, Mephyton
178
Hemostatics
Action: To Stop bleeding
Route: topical, oral
Names: Vitamin K, Thrombin
179
Throbolytics
Action: Dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin stands
Route: IV
Names: Alteplase, Activase, t-PA, streptokinase, Streptase
180
Hematinics
Action: increase amount of hemoglobin in RBCs
Route; oral, IV, intramuscular
Names: VitB12, Folic Acid, Iron
181
Surgical Approach
"access location" referring to external body site through which the internal site of the operation is reached
182
7 surgical approaches
1. open
2. percutaneous
3. percutaneous endoscopic
4. via natural or artificial opening
5. via natural or artificial opening endoscopic
6. open with percutaneous endoscopic assistance
7. external
183
Surgical Approach- Open:
cuts through the skin or mucous membrane and other body layers necessary to expose procedure site; ex. abdominal hysterectomy
184
Surgical Approach- Percutaneous:
entry to surgical site made by a puncture or minor incision to reach site of procedure; uses non-visualization instrument such as needles or catheters; ex. needle biopsy of the liver
185
Surgical Approach- percutaneous endoscopic
entry made with instruments puncture or minor incision AND uses a tool for visualization; ex. laparoscopic cholecystectomy
186
Surgical Approach- Via natural or artificial opening
entry made by introducing instrumentation through a natural or artificial opening; ex. Foley catheter placement
187
Surgical Approach- via natural or artificial opening endoscopic
Entry to the surgical site is made by introducing instrumentation through a natural or artificial external opening to reach and visualize the site of the procedure; ex. transurethral cystoscopy with removal of a bladder stone
188
Surgical Approach- Via Natural or Artificial Opening with Percutaneous Endoscopic Assistance
Entry is made by instrumentation through a natural or artificial external opening and entry to the site is made by puncture or minor incision AND use of a visual tool; ex. laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy
189
Surgical Approach- external
no "entry", instead, performed on skin or mucous membrane or indirectly by application of external force through skin or mucous membrane; ex, closed reduction of a fracture
