Module 11 Male Reproductive System Flashcards
tunica vaginalis
serous membrane that covers each testis; has an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer separated by serous fluid
testosterone
major androgen produced by the interstitial cells of the testes; sustains mail reproductive tract, stimulates spermatogenesis, inhibits secretion of female hormones at age 65, stimulates the development of puberty, enlarges the spermatic ducts and accessory glands, stimulates a burst of growth at puberty, stimulates erythropoiesis, and stimulates the brain to increase libido in the male
spermatic cord
artery, plexus of veins, nerves, a thin muscle, and the ductus (vas) deferens
spermatogenesis
process in which the germ cells of the seminiferous tubules mature and divide (mitosis) and then undergo two divisions call meiosis; the 4 daughter cells differentiate into spermatids and then spermatozoa
meiosis
two rapid cell divisions, resulting in half the number of chromosomes
mitosis
cell division to create two identical cells, each with 46 chromosomes
seminiferous tubule
coiled tubes in the testes that produce sperm
cryptorchism
occurs when a testis fails to descent into the scrotum by 12 months; if not fixed by 2yo the male will be sterile; ICD-10 root operation is reposition
testicular torsion
twisting of a testis on its spermatic cord; occurs in men between puberty and 25yo; in half the cases it starts in bed at night; the testis will die in around 6 hours unless the blood supply is restored
varicocele
condition in which the veins in the spermatic cord become dilated and tortuous as varicose veins
hydrocele
collection of excess fluid in the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis of the testis; most common in newborn babies and resolves itself within the first year
testicular cancer
most common in men younger than 40; 40% are seminomas the other 60 % (nonseminomas) occur in different combinations of choriocarcinoma, embryonal cell, and teratoma
choriocarcinoma
highly malignant cancer in a testis or ovary
rete testis
network of tubules between the seminiferous tubules and the epididymis
functions of seminal fluid
provide nutrients to sperm as they are in the urethra and female reproductive tract, neutralize acid secretions, provide hormones (prostaglandins), provide the fluid vehicle in which sperm can swim
prostate gland’s secretions include:
citric acid (nutrient for sperm) an antibiotic that combats UTIs, clotting factors, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) an enzyme that helps liquefy the sticky mass following ejaculation
hypogonadism
deficient gonad production of sperm, eggs, or hormones
prepuce
aka foreskin
Peyronie disease
marked curvature of the erect penis caused by fibrous tissue; etiology unknown; no treatment
Priapism
persistent, painful erection when blood cannot escape from the erectile tissue; can be caused by drugs’, blood clots, or spinal cord injury
balanitis
infection of the glans and foreskin with bacteria or yeast; treatment includes washing foreskin and glans
phimosis
condition in which the foreskin is tight because of a small opening and cannot be retracted over the glans for cleaning
chancre
primary lesion of syphilis
condyloma
warty growth on external genitalia
epispadias
condition in which the urethral opening is on the dorsum of the penis
DRE
digital rectal examination; lubricated, gloved finger is inserted into the rectum; in men it checks for issues of the prostate gland
orchiopexy
surgical procedure to move an undescended testicle
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate; used to treat BPH
brachytherapy
radiation therapy in which the source of irradiation is implanted in the tissue to be treated
Cowper glands
two pea-shaped structures that provide alkaline fluid for sperm viability
anorchidism
where the male has a congenital absence of one or both testes; AKA anorchia or anarchism
benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPH; mostly seen in elderly males; enlarged or engorged prostate gland that is detected by DRE; can cause difficulty with urination
fluctuance
a tense area of skin with a wave-like or boggy feeling upon palpation; contains pus which has accumulated beneath the epidermis
Erectile Dysfunction
ED; male has repeated inability to initate or maintain an erection due to anything impairing blood flow to the penis
hypogonadism
male has a decrease or lack of testosterone; causes decreased function of the sex gland, an increased risk of infertility and an increased risk of osteoporosis
hypospadias
congenital anomaly where urethral opening is on the underside of the penis or perineum; six types named according to their location along the penile shaft
phimosis
stenosis (narrowing) of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis; can cause a lack of blood flow causing penile tissue to die and increases the risk for orchitis, prostatitis, or a UTI; may require surgery
paraphimosis
is where the foreskin has been moved behind the head of the penis and cannot be placed back over the glans penis; may require surgery
prostate cancer
affects more than 10% of men over 50 and incidence is increasing; almost all prostate cancers develop from the gland cells (the cells that make the prostate fluid that is added to the semen); adenocarcinoma is most common type of prostate cancer
risk factors for prostate cancer
age: risk rises rapidly after 50; occurs more often in African-American men; family history
prostate cancer signs and symptoms
dysuria, hematuria, nocturia, and hesitancy; sometimes ED and painful ejaculation; symptoms (if present) typically associated with the urinary tract; hip or back pain possibly present in advanced stages
prostate cancer: treamtnet
prostatectomy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
STDs
collectively the single, most significant cause of reproductive disorders
albumin/o
albumin, protein
azot/o
nitrogenous compounds
dia-
through, across
