Module 5 Flashcards
pulmonologist
physicians who specialize in diagnosis and treatment of respiratory disorders
thoracic surgeons
physicians who specialize in surgical treatment of lung/pulmonary problems
6 elements of the respiratory tract
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi and bronchioles
- Alveoli
4 components of respiration
- ventilation- inspiration and expiration
- pulmonary exchange of gases- external respiration
- gas transport- from pulmonary capillaries through arterial system to peripheral capillaries and back through venous system
- peripheral gas exchange- between tissue capillaries and tissue cells for use in cellular metabolism (internal respiration)
5 functions of respiratory system:
- exchange of gases- between O2 and CO2
- Regulation of blood pH- by changing CO2 levels
- Protection- filter out foreign bodies and some microorganisms
- Voice Production
- Olfaction
ABG
Arterial Blood Gas
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease AKA CAO
P
pulse
R
respiration
SOB
shortness of breath
T
temperature
VS
vital signs
Alveolus
tiny air sac terminal element of the respiratory system
bronchus
one of the two subdivisions of the trachea
bronchiole
increasingly smaller subdivisions of the bronchi
cannula
tube inserted into a blood vessel as a channel for fluids of gases
cilia
hair-like motile projection from the surface of a cell
larynx
organ of voice production
pharynx
air tube from the back of the nose to the larynx
pulmonology
study of the lungs, or the medical specialty of disorders of the respiratory tract
respiration
fundamental process of life used to exchange CO2 and O2
sputum
matter coughed up and spat out my individuals with respiratory disorders
ventilation
movement of gases into and out of the lungs
Functions of the nose
- passageway for air
- Air Cleanser
- Air Moisturizer
- Air warmer
- Olfaction
URI
upper respiratory infection
concha
shell-shaped bone on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
coryza
AKA rhinitis; viral inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose; inflammation of the nasal mucosa
epistaxis
nosebleed
meatus
passage or channel; also use to denote the external opening of a passage
mucopurulent
mixture of mucus and pus
naris
nostril; pl nares
turbinate
another name for nasal conchae on the medial walls of the nasal cavity
pharynx
3 parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx; muscular funnel that receives air from the nasal cavity and food and drink from the oral cavity
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
adenoid
single mass of lymphoid tissue in the midline at the back of the throat
-pnea
breathe
hypoxemia
decreased levels of O2 in the blood
anoxia
complete deprivation of oxygen supply
polysomnography
test to monitor brain waves, muscle tension, eye movement, and O2 levels in the blood as the patient sleeps
tonsil
mass of lymphoid tissue on either size of the throat at the back of the tongue
aphonia
loss of voice
cricoid
ring-shaped cartilage in the larynx
glottis
opening from the oropharynx in to the larynx
epiglottis
leaf-shaped plate of cartilage that shuts off the larynx during swallowing
intrinsic
any muscle whos origin and insertion are entirely within the structure under consideration; ex. inside the vocal cords or the eye
thyroid
gland in the neck, or a cartilage of the larynx
LTB
laryngotracheobronchitis; aka croup; viral respiratory infection in kids aged 3mo to 5y; causes inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway; characteristic barking cough
hilum
site where the nerves and blood vessels enter and leave an organ
mediastinum
area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea
parenchyma
characteristic functional cell of a gland or organ that are supported by the connective tissue framework
stroma
connective tissue framework that supports the parenchyma of an organ or gland
trachealis
pertaining to the trachea
functions of pleurae and pleural fluid
- reduce friction- allows inspiration and expiration with minimal friction
- assist in inspiration- pressure in cavity is lower than the atmospheric pressure in the lungs
- separation- separation prevent infections from spreading easily from one organ to another
parietal
pertaining to the outer layer of the serous membrane lining the thoracic and other body cavities
pleura
membrane covering lungs and lining the ribs in the thoracic cavity
surfactant
a protein and fat compound that reduces surface tension to hold lung alveolar walls apart
pleural fluid
fills pleural cavity
compliance
ability of the lungs to expand on inspiration
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
eupnea
normal breathing
expectorate
cough up and spit out mucus from the respiratory tract
hemoptysis
blood sputum
hyperpnea
deeper and more rapid breathing than normal
phlegm
abnormal amounts of mucus expectorated from the respiratory tract
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
acute bronchitis
viral or bacterial; leads to production of excess mucus with some obstruction of airflow
chronic bronchitis
most common obstructive disease; due to cigarette smoking or repeated episodes of acute bronchitis; in addition to excess mucus production, cilia are destroyed
bronchiolitis
inflammation of bronchioles; often unrecognized beginning of cigarette smokers; viral
emphysema
in bronchioles and alveoli; enlarged airways and septa between alveoli are destroyed forming large sacs (bullae); loss of surface area for gas exchange; leads to hyperinflation of lungs and enlarged “barrel chest”
CAO
chronic airway obstruction; AKA COPD; progressive disease; involves chronic bronchitis and emphysema; chronic cough, sputum production, and exertional dyspnea; 3 medical disorders included with COPD: asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema
bronchiectasis
abnormal dilation of small bronchioles due to repeated infections; bronchi unable to clear secretions so additional infections and more damage can occur
asthma
acute episodes of bronchial obstruction as a result of constriction of bronchioles (bronchoconstriction), hypersecretion of mucus, and inflammation of bronchiolar lining
CF
cystic fibrosis; caused by increased viscosity of secretions from the pancreas, salivary glands, liver, intestine, and lungs; respiratory failure the cause of death often before 30
pulmonary edema
collection of fluid in the lung tissues and alveoli; most frequently result of left ventricular failure or mitral valve disease with congestive heart failure
bulla
bubble-like dilated structure
cor pulmonale
right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease
hypercapnia
abnormal increase of carbon dioxide in the arterial bloodstream
hyperinflation
overdistension of pulmonary alveoli with air resulting from airway obstruction
hypoxia
decrease below normal levels of oxygen in tissues, gases, or blood
pneumonia
acute infection of alveoli and lunch parenchyma; bacterial- alveoli, viral-parenchyma
consolidated
where lung tissue loses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged with fluid
atelectasis
area of lung collapses as a result of bronchial obstruction
pleurisy
inflammation of pleurae; can be a complication of pneumonia; very painful, leads to pleural effusion
empyema
pleural effusion containing pus
hemothorax
pleural effusion containing blood
lung abcesses
can be a complication of bacterial pneumonia or cancer
pneumothorax
entry of air into the pleural cavity; can be unknown cause (spontaneous pneumothorax) or from trauma such as fracture rib, knife blade, or bullet lacerates the parietal pleura
thromboembolism
caused by embolus (blood clot), usually arising in the deep vein of the calf and lodging in a branch of the pulmonary artery; chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, and reduced O2levels
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome; sudden, life-threatening lung failure; alveoli fill with fluid and collapse and gas exchange is shut down; hypoxia results; mortality from 35-50%
NRDS
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome; preemies whos lungs have not matured enough to produce surfactant; alveoli collapse and mechanical vent. is needed
tuberculosis
chronic, infectious disease of the lungs
ARF
acute respiratory failure; abnormal respiratory function resulting in inadequate tissue oxygenation or CO2 elimination severe enough to impair vital organ functions; causes include CHF, COPD, chest trauma, spinal cord injury, and neuromuscular disorders
anthracosis
lung disease caused by inhalation of coal dust
effusion
collection of fluid that has escaped from blood vessels into a cavity or tissues
flail chest
condition in which three or more consecutive ribs have been fractures, resulting in uncontrolled movement of that segment of the chest
idiopathic
pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology
pneumoconiosis
fibrotic lung disease caused by the inhalation of different dusts
sarcoidosis
granulomatous lesions of lungs and other organs; cause unknown
silicosis
fibrotic lung disease from inhaling silica particles
spirometer
device to measure the volume of air that move in and out of the respiratory system; volume of air expired at the end of this pulmonary function test (PFT) is the patients forced vital capacity (FVC)
PFT
pulmonary function test
PEFR
peak expiratory flow rate
ABGs
arterial blood gases, measure levels of O2 & CO2 in blood
vesicular
normal breath sounds
adventitious
abnormal breath sounds
crackles
aka rales; attributed to popping open the airways with or without the movement of air through secretions in larger airways
pleural rub
grating or creaking sound; caused by inflamed visceral and parietal pleurae rubbing together
stridor
loud, high-pitched sound with a musical quality; associated with constriction of the airways of the upper respiratory tract such as croup
rhonchus
aka wheeze
CXR
Chest x-ray; taken in anteroposterior (AP), posteroanterior (PA) lateral and sometimes oblique and lateral decubitus positions
tracheal aspiration
uses soft catheter that allows brushings and washing to be performed to remove cells and secretions from the trachea and main bronchi
thoracentesis
aka pleural tap; insertion of a needle through an intercostal space to remove fluid from a pleural effusion
thoracotomy
incision through the chest wall; used to Bx tissue from the lung, hilum, pleura, or mediastinum
auscultation
diagnostic method of using a stethoscope
PDS
postural drainage therapy; uses gravity to promote drainage of secretions from lung segments
continuous positive airway pressure
CPAP
positive end-expiratory pressure
PEEP; technique in ventilation to keep the alveoli from collapsing in conditions such as ARDS and NRDS
pneumonectomy
surgical removal of a lung
tomography
radiographic image of a selected slice or section of a tissue
glucocorticosteroids
hormone of the adrenal cortex; reduce airway inflammation; used for asthma and COPD
DPI
dry powder inhaler
LABA
long-acting B2-receptor agonist
MDI
metered dose inhaler
SABA
short-acting B2-receptor agonist
aerosol
stable liquid suspension intended for use by inhalation
agonist
agent that combines with receptors on cells to initiate drug actions
antocholinergic
antagonistic to the action of parasympathetic nerve fibers
thoracalgia
pain in the chest
afebrile
without fever
febrile
with fever
bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer, begins in epithelial tissue of bronchial tree and metastasize
atel/o
incomplete; imperfect
coni/o
dust
orth/o
straight
pector/o
chest
-capnia
CO2
-osmia
smell
-phonia
voice
-ptysis
spitting
antibiotics
erythromycin, penicillin, zithromax (z-pack)
antihistimines
benadryl, claritin, allegra
antitusssives
blocks cough reflex in medulla; vicks formula, dimetapp, halls
bronchodilators
albuterol, proventil, ventolin, serevent
corticosteroids
beclovent, azmacort
decongestants
sudafed, distran, pseudoephedrine
expectorants
guaifenesin, robitussin, mucinex
