Module 5 Flashcards
1
Q
pulmonologist
A
physicians who specialize in diagnosis and treatment of respiratory disorders
2
Q
thoracic surgeons
A
physicians who specialize in surgical treatment of lung/pulmonary problems
3
Q
6 elements of the respiratory tract
A
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi and bronchioles
- Alveoli
4
Q
4 components of respiration
A
- ventilation- inspiration and expiration
- pulmonary exchange of gases- external respiration
- gas transport- from pulmonary capillaries through arterial system to peripheral capillaries and back through venous system
- peripheral gas exchange- between tissue capillaries and tissue cells for use in cellular metabolism (internal respiration)
5
Q
5 functions of respiratory system:
A
- exchange of gases- between O2 and CO2
- Regulation of blood pH- by changing CO2 levels
- Protection- filter out foreign bodies and some microorganisms
- Voice Production
- Olfaction
6
Q
ABG
A
Arterial Blood Gas
7
Q
COPD
A
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease AKA CAO
8
Q
P
A
pulse
9
Q
R
A
respiration
10
Q
SOB
A
shortness of breath
11
Q
T
A
temperature
12
Q
VS
A
vital signs
13
Q
Alveolus
A
tiny air sac terminal element of the respiratory system
14
Q
bronchus
A
one of the two subdivisions of the trachea
15
Q
bronchiole
A
increasingly smaller subdivisions of the bronchi
16
Q
cannula
A
tube inserted into a blood vessel as a channel for fluids of gases
17
Q
cilia
A
hair-like motile projection from the surface of a cell
18
Q
larynx
A
organ of voice production
19
Q
pharynx
A
air tube from the back of the nose to the larynx
20
Q
pulmonology
A
study of the lungs, or the medical specialty of disorders of the respiratory tract
21
Q
respiration
A
fundamental process of life used to exchange CO2 and O2
22
Q
sputum
A
matter coughed up and spat out my individuals with respiratory disorders
23
Q
ventilation
A
movement of gases into and out of the lungs
24
Q
Functions of the nose
A
- passageway for air
- Air Cleanser
- Air Moisturizer
- Air warmer
- Olfaction
25
URI
upper respiratory infection
26
concha
shell-shaped bone on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
27
coryza
AKA rhinitis; viral inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose; inflammation of the nasal mucosa
28
epistaxis
nosebleed
29
meatus
passage or channel; also use to denote the external opening of a passage
30
mucopurulent
mixture of mucus and pus
31
naris
nostril; pl nares
32
turbinate
another name for nasal conchae on the medial walls of the nasal cavity
33
pharynx
3 parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx; muscular funnel that receives air from the nasal cavity and food and drink from the oral cavity
34
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
35
adenoid
single mass of lymphoid tissue in the midline at the back of the throat
36
-pnea
breathe
37
hypoxemia
decreased levels of O2 in the blood
38
anoxia
complete deprivation of oxygen supply
39
polysomnography
test to monitor brain waves, muscle tension, eye movement, and O2 levels in the blood as the patient sleeps
40
tonsil
mass of lymphoid tissue on either size of the throat at the back of the tongue
41
aphonia
loss of voice
42
cricoid
ring-shaped cartilage in the larynx
43
glottis
opening from the oropharynx in to the larynx
44
epiglottis
leaf-shaped plate of cartilage that shuts off the larynx during swallowing
45
intrinsic
any muscle whos origin and insertion are entirely within the structure under consideration; ex. inside the vocal cords or the eye
46
thyroid
gland in the neck, or a cartilage of the larynx
47
LTB
laryngotracheobronchitis; aka croup; viral respiratory infection in kids aged 3mo to 5y; causes inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway; characteristic barking cough
48
hilum
site where the nerves and blood vessels enter and leave an organ
49
mediastinum
area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea
50
parenchyma
characteristic functional cell of a gland or organ that are supported by the connective tissue framework
51
stroma
connective tissue framework that supports the parenchyma of an organ or gland
52
trachealis
pertaining to the trachea
53
functions of pleurae and pleural fluid
1. reduce friction- allows inspiration and expiration with minimal friction
2. assist in inspiration- pressure in cavity is lower than the atmospheric pressure in the lungs
3. separation- separation prevent infections from spreading easily from one organ to another
54
parietal
pertaining to the outer layer of the serous membrane lining the thoracic and other body cavities
55
pleura
membrane covering lungs and lining the ribs in the thoracic cavity
56
surfactant
a protein and fat compound that reduces surface tension to hold lung alveolar walls apart
57
pleural fluid
fills pleural cavity
58
compliance
ability of the lungs to expand on inspiration
59
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
60
eupnea
normal breathing
61
expectorate
cough up and spit out mucus from the respiratory tract
62
hemoptysis
blood sputum
63
hyperpnea
deeper and more rapid breathing than normal
64
phlegm
abnormal amounts of mucus expectorated from the respiratory tract
65
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
66
acute bronchitis
viral or bacterial; leads to production of excess mucus with some obstruction of airflow
67
chronic bronchitis
most common obstructive disease; due to cigarette smoking or repeated episodes of acute bronchitis; in addition to excess mucus production, cilia are destroyed
68
bronchiolitis
inflammation of bronchioles; often unrecognized beginning of cigarette smokers; viral
69
emphysema
in bronchioles and alveoli; enlarged airways and septa between alveoli are destroyed forming large sacs (bullae); loss of surface area for gas exchange; leads to hyperinflation of lungs and enlarged "barrel chest"
70
CAO
chronic airway obstruction; AKA COPD; progressive disease; involves chronic bronchitis and emphysema; chronic cough, sputum production, and exertional dyspnea; 3 medical disorders included with COPD: asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema
71
bronchiectasis
abnormal dilation of small bronchioles due to repeated infections; bronchi unable to clear secretions so additional infections and more damage can occur
72
asthma
acute episodes of bronchial obstruction as a result of constriction of bronchioles (bronchoconstriction), hypersecretion of mucus, and inflammation of bronchiolar lining
73
CF
cystic fibrosis; caused by increased viscosity of secretions from the pancreas, salivary glands, liver, intestine, and lungs; respiratory failure the cause of death often before 30
74
pulmonary edema
collection of fluid in the lung tissues and alveoli; most frequently result of left ventricular failure or mitral valve disease with congestive heart failure
75
bulla
bubble-like dilated structure
76
cor pulmonale
right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease
77
hypercapnia
abnormal increase of carbon dioxide in the arterial bloodstream
78
hyperinflation
overdistension of pulmonary alveoli with air resulting from airway obstruction
79
hypoxia
decrease below normal levels of oxygen in tissues, gases, or blood
80
pneumonia
acute infection of alveoli and lunch parenchyma; bacterial- alveoli, viral-parenchyma
81
consolidated
where lung tissue loses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged with fluid
82
atelectasis
area of lung collapses as a result of bronchial obstruction
83
pleurisy
inflammation of pleurae; can be a complication of pneumonia; very painful, leads to pleural effusion
84
empyema
pleural effusion containing pus
85
hemothorax
pleural effusion containing blood
86
lung abcesses
can be a complication of bacterial pneumonia or cancer
87
pneumothorax
entry of air into the pleural cavity; can be unknown cause (spontaneous pneumothorax) or from trauma such as fracture rib, knife blade, or bullet lacerates the parietal pleura
88
thromboembolism
caused by embolus (blood clot), usually arising in the deep vein of the calf and lodging in a branch of the pulmonary artery; chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, and reduced O2levels
89
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome; sudden, life-threatening lung failure; alveoli fill with fluid and collapse and gas exchange is shut down; hypoxia results; mortality from 35-50%
90
NRDS
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome; preemies whos lungs have not matured enough to produce surfactant; alveoli collapse and mechanical vent. is needed
91
tuberculosis
chronic, infectious disease of the lungs
92
ARF
acute respiratory failure; abnormal respiratory function resulting in inadequate tissue oxygenation or CO2 elimination severe enough to impair vital organ functions; causes include CHF, COPD, chest trauma, spinal cord injury, and neuromuscular disorders
93
anthracosis
lung disease caused by inhalation of coal dust
94
effusion
collection of fluid that has escaped from blood vessels into a cavity or tissues
95
flail chest
condition in which three or more consecutive ribs have been fractures, resulting in uncontrolled movement of that segment of the chest
96
idiopathic
pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology
97
pneumoconiosis
fibrotic lung disease caused by the inhalation of different dusts
98
sarcoidosis
granulomatous lesions of lungs and other organs; cause unknown
99
silicosis
fibrotic lung disease from inhaling silica particles
100
spirometer
device to measure the volume of air that move in and out of the respiratory system; volume of air expired at the end of this pulmonary function test (PFT) is the patients forced vital capacity (FVC)
101
PFT
pulmonary function test
102
PEFR
peak expiratory flow rate
103
ABGs
arterial blood gases, measure levels of O2 & CO2 in blood
104
vesicular
normal breath sounds
105
adventitious
abnormal breath sounds
106
crackles
aka rales; attributed to popping open the airways with or without the movement of air through secretions in larger airways
107
pleural rub
grating or creaking sound; caused by inflamed visceral and parietal pleurae rubbing together
108
stridor
loud, high-pitched sound with a musical quality; associated with constriction of the airways of the upper respiratory tract such as croup
109
rhonchus
aka wheeze
110
CXR
Chest x-ray; taken in anteroposterior (AP), posteroanterior (PA) lateral and sometimes oblique and lateral decubitus positions
111
tracheal aspiration
uses soft catheter that allows brushings and washing to be performed to remove cells and secretions from the trachea and main bronchi
112
thoracentesis
aka pleural tap; insertion of a needle through an intercostal space to remove fluid from a pleural effusion
113
thoracotomy
incision through the chest wall; used to Bx tissue from the lung, hilum, pleura, or mediastinum
114
auscultation
diagnostic method of using a stethoscope
115
PDS
postural drainage therapy; uses gravity to promote drainage of secretions from lung segments
116
continuous positive airway pressure
CPAP
117
positive end-expiratory pressure
PEEP; technique in ventilation to keep the alveoli from collapsing in conditions such as ARDS and NRDS
118
pneumonectomy
surgical removal of a lung
119
tomography
radiographic image of a selected slice or section of a tissue
120
glucocorticosteroids
hormone of the adrenal cortex; reduce airway inflammation; used for asthma and COPD
121
DPI
dry powder inhaler
122
LABA
long-acting B2-receptor agonist
123
MDI
metered dose inhaler
124
SABA
short-acting B2-receptor agonist
125
aerosol
stable liquid suspension intended for use by inhalation
126
agonist
agent that combines with receptors on cells to initiate drug actions
127
antocholinergic
antagonistic to the action of parasympathetic nerve fibers
128
thoracalgia
pain in the chest
129
afebrile
without fever
130
febrile
with fever
131
bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer, begins in epithelial tissue of bronchial tree and metastasize
132
atel/o
incomplete; imperfect
133
coni/o
dust
134
orth/o
straight
135
pector/o
chest
136
-capnia
CO2
137
-osmia
smell
138
-phonia
voice
139
-ptysis
spitting
140
antibiotics
erythromycin, penicillin, zithromax (z-pack)
141
antihistimines
benadryl, claritin, allegra
142
antitusssives
blocks cough reflex in medulla; vicks formula, dimetapp, halls
143
bronchodilators
albuterol, proventil, ventolin, serevent
144
corticosteroids
beclovent, azmacort
145
decongestants
sudafed, distran, pseudoephedrine
146
expectorants
guaifenesin, robitussin, mucinex
