Module 13 Endocrine System Flashcards
14 Glands in endocrine system:
Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid (4), thymus, adrenal (2), pancreas, and gonads (2)
hypothalamus
produces 8 hormones–6 are local that regulate the production of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland; 2– oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are transported to posterior pituitary where they are stored until needed elsewhere
pineal gland
located on the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, posterior to hypothalamus; secretes serotonin by day and converts it to melatonin at night
leptin
hormone secreted by adipose tissue
oxytocin
hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the uterus to contract
prostaglandin
hormone present in many tissues but first isolated from prostate gland
hypophysis
AKA pituitary gland; suspended from hypothalamus
pituitary gland
two components: adenohypophysis (large anterior lobe) and neurohypophysis (smaller posterior lobe);
adenohypophysis
produces 6 hormones: follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH aka thyrotropin), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), and growth hormone (GH or somatotropin)
tropic hormones
hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to produce their hormones
neurohypophysis
two hormones: oxytocin (OT), antidiuretic hormone (ADH aka vasopressin)
GnRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
acromegaly
enlargement of the head, face, hands, and feet due to excess GH as an adult
diabetes insipidus
excretion of large amounts of dilute urine as a result of inadequate ADH production
prognathism
condition of a forward-projecting jaw
prolactinoma
prolactin-producing tumor
osmolality
concentration of a solution
Methods of radiation therapy:
gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery, proton beam, therapy, external beam radiation
thyroid hormones
triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)– thyroid hormone refers to T3 and T4 collectively; hormones produced in respose to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland; functions: stimulates almost every tissue in the body to produce proteins, increases the amount of O2 that cells can use, and controls the body’s metabolic rate
calcitonin
thyroid hormone that moves calcium from blood to bones
thyroid storm
medical crisis and emergency due to excess thyroid hormones
graves disease
autoimmune disorder in which an antibody stimulates the thyroid to produce and secrete excessive quantities of thyroid hormones into the blood
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
exophthalmos
protrusion of the eyeball as seen in hyperthyroidism
Hashimoto disease
autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland
cretinism
condition of severe congenital hypothyroidism
parathyroid gland
usually 4 and are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland; secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcemia
hyperparathyroidism
excess PTH due to enlarged glands ; more common than hypo; 4 abnormalities: osteopenia, hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, and depression, fatigue, and coma due to hypercalcemia
thymus
located in mediastinum; large in children and decreases in size until it is mostly fibrous tissue; secretes hormones that stimulate the production of T lymphocytes
DiGeorge syndrome
genetic immunodeficiency disorder which the thymus is underdeveloped or absent at birth
adrenal glands
aka suprarenal glands; adrenal cortex (outer layer) synthesizes more than 25 steroid hormones collectively called adrenocortical hormones, corticosteroids, or corticoids; adrenal medulla (inner layer) secretes catecholamines
corticosteroids
3 types:
1. glucocorticoids- stimulate fat and protein catabolism and helps regulate blood glucose levels (ex. hydrocortisone)
2. mineralocorticoids- promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion by kidneys (ex. aldosterone)
3. Sex steroids:
androgens and estrogens
Addison disease
autoimmune disease leading to decreased production of adrenocortical steroids
catecholamines
prepare the body for physical activity by raising blood pressure, increaseing circulation to the muscles, increase pulmonary blood flow, and stimulate gluconeogenesis; ex. epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
DHEA
precursor to testosterone; produced in the adrenal cortex
adrenogenital syndrome
hypersecretion of androgens from the adrenal gland
Cushing syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
facies
facial expression and features characteristic of a specific disease
hirsutism
excessive body and facial hair
pheochromocytoma
adenoma of the adrenal medulla secreting excessive catecholamines
Pancreas
mostly functions as a exocrine gland that secretes digestive juices into the duodenum; however, also has pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) which are cluster of endocrine cells grouped around blood vessels
3 types of cells with in pancreatic islets:
- alpha- secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose
- beta- secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose
- delta- secrete somatostatin which acts within the pancreas to inhibit the secretion of glucagon and insulin
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells; functions: in the liver- stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and the release of glucose into the blood stream, in adipose tissue- stimulate fat catabolism and the release of free fatty acids
insulin
secreted by beta cells; opposite of glucagon; functions: in muscle and fat cells- encourage absorption of glucose to store glycogen and fat, in liver- stimulate the conversion of glucose to glycogen and to inhibit the conversion of noncarbohydrates to glucose
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
glycogenolysis
conversion of glycogen to glucose
somatostatin
hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and insulin
DM
diabetes mellitus; syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia resulting rom an absolute or relative impairment of insulin secretion and/or insulin action.
insulin resistance
decreased insulin effectiveness in stimulating glucose uptake by tissues and in restraining hepatic glucose production
hyperosmolar
marked hyperglycemia without ketoacidosis
ketone
chemical formed in uncontrolled diabetes or in starvation
metabolic acidosis
decreased pH in blood and body tissues as a result of an upset in metabolism
paresthesia
an abnormal sensation; for example, tingling, burning, pricking
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyphagia
excessive eating
glycosylated hemoglobin
Hb A1c
microalbuminuria
presence of very small quantities of albumin in urine that cannot be detected by conventional urine testing
crin/o
secrete
kal/i
potassium
-dipsia
thirst
extirpation
taking or cutting out solid matter within a body part without removing the entire body part; ex. blood clot or non-cancerous tumor
removal
removing or taking out a device in or on a body part; ex. removal of pancreatic drain
repair
restoring the body part to its normal structure; ex. thymoplasty
transplantation
surgical procedure where the surgeon puts in a living body part from a person or animal into another person; could be all or part of a body part; ex. thymus gland transplant
control
ex. “control” the bleeding
antidiuretics
names: DDAVP, Desmopressin, Pitressin, Pressyn, Vasopressin
Antithyroids
names: Lucol’s solution, Methimazole, Sodium iodine solution, Tapazole
Corticosteroids
names: Cortisone, Depo-Medrol, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Solu-Medrol, Triamcinolone
Growth hormone replacements
names: Humatrope, Norditropin, Somatropin
Insulins
names: Humalog, Humulin R, Lantus, Novolin R, Novolog
oral antidiabetics
Glipizide, Glucophage, Glocotrol, Metformin
Thyroid supplements
Levo-T, Levothyroxine, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Triostate
