Module 10 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of bones:
A
support, protection, movement, blood formation, mineral storage and balance, detoxification
2
Q
cartilage
A
non-vascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints
3
Q
ligament
A
band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures
4
Q
orthopedic
A
pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system
5
Q
osteopath
A
practitioner of osteopathy
6
Q
osteopathy
A
medicine practice based on maintaining the structural integrity of the musculoskeletal system
7
Q
tendon
A
fibrous band that connects muscle to bone
8
Q
factors that affect bone growth:
A
- genes
- nutrition
- exercise
- mineral deposition
- mineral resorption
- vitamins
- hormones
9
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of long bone
10
Q
epiphysis
A
expanded area end of long bones that provides increased surface area for the attachment of ligaments and tendons
11
Q
metaphysis
A
between diaphysis and epiphysis where bone growth occurs
12
Q
cortex
A
outer portion of an organ
13
Q
endosteum
A
a membrane of tissue lining the inner cavity of a long bone
14
Q
epiphyseal plate
A
layer of cartilage between epiphysis and metaphysis where bone growth occurs
15
Q
Haversian canals
A
vascular canals in bone
16
Q
lacuna
A
small space or cavity within the matrix of bone
17
Q
marrow
A
fatty, blood forming tissue in the cavities of long bones
18
Q
matrix
A
substance that surrounds cells, is manufactured by cells, and holds them together
19
Q
medulla
A
central portion of a structure surrounded by cortex
20
Q
oseoporosis
A
condition in which bones become brittle, fragile, and more likely to fracture; due to more osteoclasts than osteoblasts; more common in women than men;
21
Q
periosteum
A
strong membrane surrounding a bone
22
Q
osteopenia
A
low bone density which can lead to osteoporosis
23
Q
osteomyelitis
A
inflammation of an area of bone due to bacterial infection (typically staphylococcus)
24
Q
osteomalacia
A
aka rickets in children; caused by VitD deficiency; when bones lack calcium, the become soft and flexible leading to bones becoming bowed
25
achondroplasia
occurs when the long bones stop growing in childhood, but the bones of the axial skeleton are not affected; leads to dwarfism of about 4ft tall; caused by spontaneous gene mutation
26
osteogenic sarcoma
most common malignant bone tumor; peak incidence is 10-15yo; often occurs around the knee joint
27
osteogenesis imperfecta
rare genetic disorder producing very brittle bones that are easily fracture, often in utero
28
Bone Fracture: Closed VS Open
Closed- bone is broken, but skin is not broken
| Open- Fragment of the fractured bone breaks the skin, or a wound extend to the site of the fracture
29
Bone Fracture: Displaced
fractured bone parts are out of alignment
30
Bone Fracture: Complete VS Incomplete VS Comminuted
complete- broken into at least 2 fragments
incomplete- fracture does not extend completely across the bone
comminuted- bone breaks into several pieces, usually two major pieces and several, smaller fragments
31
Bone Fracture: Transverse
fracture is at a right angle to the long axis of the bone
32
Bone Fracture: Impacted
one gone fragment is driven into the other, resulting in a shortening of a limb
33
Bone Fracture: Spiral VS Oblique VS Linear
Spiral- fracture spirals around the long axis of the bone
Oblique- diagonal fracture runs along the long axis
Linear- fracture runs parallel to the long axis
34
Bone Fracture: Greenstick (closed)
partial fracture where one side breaks and the other side bends
35
Bone Fracture: Pathologic
aka stress fracture; fracture occurs in an area of the bone weakened by disease
36
Bone Fracture: Compression
fracture occurs in a vertebra from trauma or pathology, leading to the vertebra being crushed
37
Healing of Fractures
Step 1: blood vessels bleed into the fracture site forming a hematoma
Step 2: A few days after the fracture (Fx), osteoblasts move into the hematoma and start to produce new bone; called a callus
Step 3: Osteoblasts produce immature, lacy cancellous (spongy_ bone that replaces the callus
Step 4: Osteoblasts continue producing bone cells ; producing compact bone and fuse the bone segments together
38
Fx
fracture
39
cancellous
bone that has a spongy or lattice-like structure
40
hematoma
collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue
41
3 classes of joints:
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
42
Fibrous
two bones bound together by bands of fibrous tissue with no joint space. 3 varieties: sutures (skull), syndesmosis (joining of two bones with fibrous ligaments), gomphoses (pegs that fit into sockets; teeth)
43
Cartilaginous
joins two bones with cartilage; two types: Synchondroses- joined with hyaline cartilage (ribs and costal cartilages), symphyses- joined with fibrocartilage (symphysis pubis)
44
Synovial
joint contains synovial fluid as a lubricant and allows considerable movement; ex. knee
45
articulation
a joint
46
articulate
verb; joint movement
47
bursa
closed sac containing synovial fluid
48
fibrocartilage
cartilage containing collagen fibers
49
arthorography
x-ray of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium into the joint
50
diagnostic arthroscopy
exploratory procedure performed using an arthroscope to examine the internal compartments of a joint
51
Testing for Osteoporosis
check bone mineral density (BMD) using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan
52
Arthroplasty
surgery to restore as far as possible he function of a joint; THR (total hip replacement) is the most common
53
arthrocentesis
aspiration of fluid from a joint to diagnose by lab exam of fluid; also to drain off infected fluid
54
surgical arthroscopy
performed through an arthroscope, can be a debridement or removal of torn tissue such as meniscus of a ligament; can also be to repair a torn ligament by suturing, tendon autograft, or repair of a torn meniscus
55
fasciectomy
surgical removal of the hypertrophied connective tissue in the had to release a contracture
56
arthrodesis
surgical fixation of a joint to prevent motion; bone graft, wire, screws, or a plate can be used to stabilize the joint
57
prosthesis
manufactured substitute for a missing part of the body
58
bisphosphonate
drug that delays the rate of bone resorption
59
calcitonin
hormone that moved calcium from blood to bones
60
abduction
movement away from the midline
61
adduction
movement toward the midline
62
Prone VS Supine
prone- face down
| supine- face up
63
Inversion VS Eversion
Inversion- ex. rotating foot toward the other foot
| Eversion- ex. rotating foot away from the other foot
64
osteoarthritis
AKA degenerative joint disease (DJD); breakdown and eventual destruction of cartilage in a joint due to wear and tear;
65
Rheumatoid Arthritis
(RA); chronic, inflammatory disease that can affect many joints; in the hands deformities of RA are: swelling of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and ulnar deviation
66
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa; can result form overuse of a joint, repeated trauma, or diseases such as RA
67
5 regions of the vertebral column
1. cervical (C1-C7)
2. Thoracic (T1-T12)
3. Lumbar (L1-L5)
4. Sacral
5. Coccyx (tailbone)
68
lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curve
69
foramen
an opening through a structure; in vertebral column allows the spinal nerves to leave spinal cord to travel to other parts of the body
70
herniation
protrusion of an anatomical structure from its normal position
71
sacrum
segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis
72
spine
vertebral column OR a short projection from a bone
73
Bones of the cranium
1. Frontal
2. Parietal (2)
3. Occipital
4. Temporal (2)
5. Sphenoid
6. Ethmoid
74
Facial Bones
1. Maxillary (2)
2. Palatine (2)
3. Zygomatic (2)
4. Lacrimal (2)
5. Nasal (2)
6. Vomer
7. Conchae (2)
8. Mandible
75
3 types of muscle
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
76
skeletal muscle
contracts on demand (voluntary); attached to one or more bones; muscle cells called fibers; each muscle consists of fibers, blood vessels, nerves, with connective tissue sheets that hold the fibers together
77
skeletal muscle functions:
1. Movement
2. Posture
3. Body Heat
4. Respiration
5. Communication
78
Skeletal Muscle structure (small to large)
muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, skeletal muscle
79
atrophy
wasting away or diminished volume of tissue, an organ, or a body part
80
fascia
sheet of fibrous connective tissue
81
fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
82
hypertrophy
increase in size, but not in number
83
insertion of a muscle
the attachment of a muscle to a more moveable part of the skeleton, as distinct from the origin
84
origin of a muscle
fixed source of a muscle at its attachment to a bone
85
orthotic
orthopedic appliance to correct an abnormality
86
peristalsis
waves of alternate contraction and relaxation of the alimentary canal wall to move food along the digestive tract
87
striated muscle
AKA skeletal muscle
88
tone
tension present in resting muscle
89
fibromyalgia
affects muscles and tendons all over the body, causing chronic pain associated with fatigue and depression; no specific treatment
90
polymyalgia theumatica
inflammatory disease of muscles that causes pain and stiffness on both sides of the body particularly shoulders, neck, upper arms, buttocks, and thighs; most often in 65+
91
myasthenia gravis
chronic autoimmune disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness in the skeletal muscle; weakness increases with activity; facial muscles involved, causing issues with eye and eyelid movements, chewing, and talking
92
muscular dystrophy
general term for a group of heridtary, progressive disorders affecting skeletal muscles; generalized weakness and atrophy progress, and few live beyond 20
93
rhabdomyolysis
breakdown of muscle fibers; relseases protein pigment called myoglobin which can lead to kidney failure; caused by muscle trauma, severe exertian, alcoholism, and use of drugs
94
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the sheath that surrounds a tendon; usually related to repetitive use (ex. in wrist/hand in computer users); treament is rest, immobilization, NSAIDs, local corticosteroid injections, and, occasionally, surgery
95
Achilles tendinitis
results from a small stretch injury that causes the tendon to become swollen and painful; larger partial or complete tear leads to a loss of function with difficulty in walking
96
strain
overstretch or tear in a muscle or tendon
97
tendon
fibrous band that connects muscle to bone
98
ambulatory
surgery or any other care provided without an overnight stay in a medical facility; outpatient
99
infraspinatus
pertaining to beneath the spine (of the scapula)
100
rotator cuff
part of the capsule of the shoulder joint
101
teres major
one of the muscles that make up the rotator cuff
102
ganglion cysts
fluid-filled cysts on the back of the wrist that result from irritation or inflammation of hte synovial tendon sheaths; usually disappear on their own
103
stenosing tenosynovitis
painful inflammation of the synovial sheaths on the back of the wrist
104
Carpal tunnel syndrome
(CTS) develops on the front of the wrist and results from inflammation and swelling of overused tendon sheaths; feeling of pins and needles or pain and loss of muscle power in the thumb side of the hand are common
105
brachialis
muscle that lies under the biceps and is the strongest flexor of the forearm
106
deltoid
large, fan-shaped muscle connecting the scapula and clavicle to the humerus
107
latissimus dorsi
widest muscle in the back (over ribs)
108
thenar eminence
fleshy mass at the base of the thumb
109
hypothenar eminence
fleshy mass at the base of the little finger
110
EMG
electromyography; an electrode needle is inserted into the muscle to be tested to measure and record the electrical activity in that muscle as it is relaxed and contracted
111
nerve conduction studies
used to measure the speed at which motor or sensory nerves conduct impulses and also can show problems at the neuromuscular junction
112
ultrasonography
can identify tears and inflammation of tendons and involves no exposure to radiation
113
myositis specific antibodies
MSA; can confirm a diagnosis of dermatomyositis or polymyositis; dozens of these antibodies have been identified and research is ongoing to define their significance
114
NSAIDS
```
inhibit the two COX enzymes that are involved in producing the inflammatory process;
acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), ibuprofen, naproxen
```
115
indomethacin
an NSAID that inhibits both COX enzymes; potent with many serious side effects
116
paracetamol
AKA acetaminophen; an active metabolite of phenacetin; widely used OTC analgesic and antipyretic
117
skeletal muscle relaxants
used for spasticity or for muscular conditions like multiple sclerosis
118
anabolic steroids
related to testosterone, but have been altered so that their main effect is muscular hypertrophy; illegal in sports
119
ergonomics
study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
120
myofascial release
specialized soft-tissue manipulation used to ease the pain of conditions like fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, TMJ disorders and carpal tunnel syndrome
121
OT
occupational therapy; consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living
122
ADL
activities of daily living; includes grooming, eating, and dressing
123
PT
physical therapy; treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, etc
124
therapeutic ultrasound
uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
125
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TENS; uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin which can cause changes in muscles
126
RICE
rest, ice, compression, elevation; common first aid treatment of muscular injuries
127
fasciotomy
surgical incision through the fascia to relive tension or pressure
128
tenodesis
surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
129
tenolysis
release of a tendon from adhesions
130
tenorrhaphy
surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
131
myotomy
surgical incision into a muscle
132
antispasmodic
AKA anticholinergic; used to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
133
skeletal muscle relaxant
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries; acts on the CNS
134
neuromuscular blocker
AKA neuromuscular blocking agent; causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles; used with anesthesia during surgery to cause skeletal muscles to relax
135
Bone marrow transplants
BMT; use to treat certain cancers such as leukemia and lymphomas which affect bone marrow
136
orthotic medical devices
mechanical appliance to control, correct or compensate for impaired limb function; ex. leg brace or splint
137
prosthesis
substitute for a diseased or missing body part
138
athrodesis
AKA surgical ankylosis; surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint such as ankle, elbow, or shoulder
139
arthrolysis
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
140
synovectomy
surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint; ex. to repair joint damage caused by RA
141
arthroplasty
surgical placement of an artificial joint; ex. total knee replacement (TKR), partial knee replacement (PKR), and total hip replacement (THR)
142
percutaneous discectomy
treats a herniated disk; thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser
143
percutaneous vertebroplasty
treats osteoporosis-related compression fractures; bone cement if injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
144
laminectomy
surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
145
spinal fusion
technique to immobilize part of the spine by fusing together two or more vertebrae
146
osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
147
osteorrhaphy
surgical suturing or wiring together of bones
148
periostomy
incision through the periosteum to the bone
149
lord/o
curve, swayback
150
orth/o
straight
151
thorac/o
chest
152
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
153
-asthenia
weakness, debility
154
-clasia
to break; surgical fracture
155
-desis
binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
156
-malacia
softening
157
-physis
growth
158
-porosis
porous
159
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
160
-scopy
visual examination
161
dys-
bad; painful; difficult
162
sub-
under, below
163
supra-
above, excessive, superior
164
syn-
union, together, joined
165
division
cutting into a body part without drawing fluids and/or gases from the body part to SEPARATE a body part; ex. osteotomy
166
release
FREEING a body part form abnormal physical constraint by cutting or by the use of force; releases tissue restraining but none of the body part is removed (that'd be extraction); ex. carpal tunnel release procedure
167
detachment
cutting off all or part of the upper or lower extremities without replacement; ex. above-knee amputation, fifth toe ray amputation, and above-elbow amputation
168
fusion
joining articular body parts together to make the body part immobile (only joints); ex, spinal fusions and fusions of the hands/feet
169
reattachment
putting back in/on all or a portion of a separated body part to its normal location or other suitable location; ex. avulsed ear or amputated finger (must have been fully separated prior to reattachment)
170
anti-inflammatory
(corticosteroid); Names: Celestone, prednisone, Medrol
171
Calcium supplements
Names: calcium carbonate, Tums, Citrical
172
Gold Salts
Gold capsules or solutions to prevent further disease progression in RA; Names: Auranofin (Ridaura), aurothioglucose (Solganal)
173
Muscle Relaxants
Names: Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), Methocarbamol and aspirin (Robaxin)
174
Salicylates
to releave pain; Names: Aspirin (Bayer, Acuprin)
