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Med Term > Module 11 Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 11 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Six Organs in the urinary system

A

2 kidneys, one urinary bladder, 2 ureters, and one urethra

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2
Q

excretion

A

the process of removing metabolic waste

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3
Q

metabolic wastes

A

CO2, excess water, electrolytes, nitrogenous compounds, and urea

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4
Q

ammonia

A

toxic breakdown product of amino acids

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5
Q

urea

A

end product of nitrogen metabolism expelled in urine

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6
Q

regions of the kidney

A
  1. cortex- contains about 1 million nephrons
  2. medulla- collecting ducts
  3. pelvis- funnel-shaped structure into which the calyces open
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7
Q

Functions of the Kidneys

A

filter blood to eliminate wastes, regulate blood volume and pressure, maintain homeostasis, secrete renin, secrete erythropoietin, and synthesize VitD

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8
Q

calyx

A

funnel-shaped structure

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9
Q

glomerulus

A

plexus of capillaries; part of a nephron

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10
Q

hilum

A

part where the nerves and blood vessels enter and leave an organ

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11
Q

nephron loop

A

part of the renal tubule where reabsorption occurs

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12
Q

renin

A

enzyme secreted by the kidney that causes vasoconstriction

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13
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

most common form of kidney cancer; 2x more likely in men than women; develops in the lining cells of the renal tubules

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14
Q

nephroblastoma

A

AKA Wilms Tumor; malignant kidney tumor of childhood appearing from 3-8yo.

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15
Q

benign kidney tumors

A

usually asymptomatic, are discovered incidentally and are not life-threatening

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16
Q

acute glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomerulus; damages the glomerular capillaries allowing protein and RBCs to leak into the urine and interferes with clearance of waste products

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17
Q

chronic glomerulonephritis

A

can occur with no history of kidney disease and present itself as kidney failure; also occurs in diabetic nephropathy and is associated with lupus & HIV

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18
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

involves large amounts of protein leaking out into the urine so that the level of protein in the blood falls; most obvious symptom is edema in the ankles and legs

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19
Q

interstitial nephritis

A

inflammation of hte spaces between the renal tubules; most often it is acute and temporary; can be an allergic reaction to or a side effect of drugs such as penicillin or ampicillin, NSAIDS, and diuretics

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20
Q

pyelitis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis due to bacterial infection; if not effectively treated often progresses to pyelonephritis; most often occurs as part of a UTI

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21
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

PKD; inherited disease; cysts grow within the kidneys and press against kidney tissue; finally the kidneys cannot function effectively

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22
Q

acute renal failure

A

ARF; makes the kidneys suddenly stop filtering waste products from the blood; causes can include: sever burns, trauma, or complicated surgery, drugs, toxins, systemic infections, blood disorders

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23
Q

chronic kidney failure

A

CRF; AKA chronic kidney disease (CKD); gradual loss of renal function; symptoms and signs may not appear until kidney function is less than 25% of normal; causes include: diabetes, hypertension, kidney diseases, and lead poisoning

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24
Q

End-stage renal disease

A

ESRD; means the kidneys are function at less than 10% of their normal capacity; life cannot be sustained and either dialysis or kidney transplant is needed; symptoms include: oliguria, anuria, confusion, seizures, and coma

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25
hematuria
blood in the urine, can be caused by lesions anywhere in the urinary system
26
azotemia
buildup of urea in the blood; complex of symptoms resulting from excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood, as seen in renal failure
27
anuria
absence of urine production
28
oliguria
reduction of urine output
29
uremia
a condition caused by excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
30
nephrolithiasis
presence of calculus; often began in the pelvis of the kidney as a tiny grain of undissolved material (usually oxalate)
31
calculus
stones; ex. kidney stones
32
hydronephrosis
dilation of pelvis and calyces of a kidney
33
micturition
AKA voiding; urination or emptying the bladder
34
urinary bladder
temporary storage place for urine; moderately full bladder holds about 1 pint of urine; maximum is around 1.5 pints
35
UTI
bacteria invade and multiply in the urinary tract entering through the urethra;
36
urethritis
infection of the urethra
37
cystitis
infection of the urinary bladder
38
pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
39
stress incontinence
urine leaks due to sudden pressure; ex. cough, laugh, sneeze, lift something heavy, or exercise; previous pregnancy and childbirth are risk factors
40
urge incontinence
need to urine comes on too fast to get to the toilet; associated with UTI, diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, or bladder cancer
41
overflow incontinence
small amounts of urine leak from a bladder that is always full because you can't empty it; occurs when an enlarged prostate glad or tumor blocks the outflow of urine from the bladder
42
functional incontinence
cannot get to the toilet because of arthritis or any other disease that makes moving quickly difficult
43
transitional cell carcinoma
most common type of bladder cancer, arising in the transitional cells of the lining of the bladder
44
dysuria
difficulty or pain with urination
45
idiopathic
pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology
46
UA
urinalysis; can include: visual observation, odor, pH, specific gravity (SG), proteinuria, glycosuria, ketones, leukocyte esterase, urine culture
47
KUB
x-ray of the abdomen that shows the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
48
IVP
contrast material containing iodine is injected intravenously and its progress through the UT is recorded on a series of rapid x-ray images
49
retrograde pyelogram
contrast material is injected through a urinary catheter into the ureters to locate stones and other obstructions
50
voiding cystourethrogram
VCUG; contrast material is inserted into the bladder through a catheter and x-rays are taken as the patient urinates
51
CT scans
show cross-sectional view of the kidneys and bladder
52
MRI
used to generate cross-sectional images of the UT
53
renal angiogram
x-rays with contrast material to assess blood flow to the kidneys
54
cystoscopy
pencil-thin, flexible tube-like optical instrument (cystoscope) is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to examine directly the lining of hte bladder and to take a Bx if needed
55
TNM
tumor, nodes, metastases
56
nitrite
chemical formed in urine by E. coli and other microorganisms
57
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ESWL; a machine called a lithotripter from outside the body generates sound waves that crumble the stone into small pieces that can be voided
58
dialysis
artificial method of removing waste materials and excess fluid from the blood in end-stage renal disease
59
hemodialysis
filter blood through an artificial kidney machine (dialyzer); usually 12 hours weekly in 3 sessions
60
peritoneal dialysis
used a solution that is infused into and drained out of the patients abdominal cavity through a small flexible catheter implanted into the patient's abdominal vacity
61
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CAPD; performed by the patient at home usually 4x each day 7 days a week
62
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
CCPD; uses a machine to automatically infuse dialysis solution into and out of the abdominal cavity during sleep
63
BPH
benign prostate hyperplasia
64
ambulatory
relating to walking
65
catherter
hollow tube that allows passage of fluid into or out of a body cavity, organ, or vessel
66
cystopexy
surgical procedure to support the urinary bladder
67
pyelonephritis
treated aggressively with antibiotics such as aminoglycoside (Gentamycin) together with ampicillin or ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
68
parts of the nephron:
Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, renal tubule, collecting tubule, loop of Henle
69
enuresis
aka incontinence
70
OAB
overactive bladder
71
neurogenic bladder
common UT disease; usually a result of a spinal cord injury
72
CKD
chronic kidney disease; progressive, irreversible decrease in renal function which causes metabolic, fluid, and electrolyte imbalances and affects every body system
73
facts about CKD
26 million American adults have CKD; heart disease is the major cause of death for all people with CKD; high-risk groups include those with diabetes, hypertension, and family history of kidney failure
74
symptoms of CKD
fatigue, poor appetite, swollen feet and ankles, dry, itchy skin, trouble sleeping
75
treatment for CKD
medications to manage symptoms, diet, dialysis, kidney transplant
76
pyelonephritis
sometimes called kidney infection or nephritis; most common form of kidney disease
77
glomerulonephritis
blood and protein in the urine; signs and symptoms include hypertension, edema and/or impaired renal function
78
nephrolithiasis
renal stone or calculus; stones can be in urinary tract (called urolithiasis); can lodge in the ureters causing ureterolithiasis; treatment includes ESWL and PCNL
79
acute tubular necrosis
ATN; tubular portion of hte nepron is injured by the loss of blood supply (called ischemic ATN) or by ingesting toxic chemicals (called nephrotoxic ATN); produces not significant signs or symptoms; can be reversible
80
Oncology
bladder cancer is the 4th most common cancer in men and 8th in women; arises from the bladder lining; two types: adenocarcinoma and transitional cell; treatment may include: transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), cystectomy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy
81
BUN
blood, urea, nitrogen; lab to check kidney function
82
IVP
intravenous pyelography
83
VCUG
voiding cystourethrography
84
common antibiotics for urinary system
Cipro and Bactrim
85
antispasmodics for urinary system
Ditropan or Vesicare
86
treatment for edema
diuretics such as Lasix or Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

Med Term (17 decks)

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