Module 11 Urinary System Flashcards
Six Organs in the urinary system
2 kidneys, one urinary bladder, 2 ureters, and one urethra
excretion
the process of removing metabolic waste
metabolic wastes
CO2, excess water, electrolytes, nitrogenous compounds, and urea
ammonia
toxic breakdown product of amino acids
urea
end product of nitrogen metabolism expelled in urine
regions of the kidney
- cortex- contains about 1 million nephrons
- medulla- collecting ducts
- pelvis- funnel-shaped structure into which the calyces open
Functions of the Kidneys
filter blood to eliminate wastes, regulate blood volume and pressure, maintain homeostasis, secrete renin, secrete erythropoietin, and synthesize VitD
calyx
funnel-shaped structure
glomerulus
plexus of capillaries; part of a nephron
hilum
part where the nerves and blood vessels enter and leave an organ
nephron loop
part of the renal tubule where reabsorption occurs
renin
enzyme secreted by the kidney that causes vasoconstriction
renal cell carcinoma
most common form of kidney cancer; 2x more likely in men than women; develops in the lining cells of the renal tubules
nephroblastoma
AKA Wilms Tumor; malignant kidney tumor of childhood appearing from 3-8yo.
benign kidney tumors
usually asymptomatic, are discovered incidentally and are not life-threatening
acute glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerulus; damages the glomerular capillaries allowing protein and RBCs to leak into the urine and interferes with clearance of waste products
chronic glomerulonephritis
can occur with no history of kidney disease and present itself as kidney failure; also occurs in diabetic nephropathy and is associated with lupus & HIV
nephrotic syndrome
involves large amounts of protein leaking out into the urine so that the level of protein in the blood falls; most obvious symptom is edema in the ankles and legs
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of hte spaces between the renal tubules; most often it is acute and temporary; can be an allergic reaction to or a side effect of drugs such as penicillin or ampicillin, NSAIDS, and diuretics
pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis due to bacterial infection; if not effectively treated often progresses to pyelonephritis; most often occurs as part of a UTI
polycystic kidney disease
PKD; inherited disease; cysts grow within the kidneys and press against kidney tissue; finally the kidneys cannot function effectively
acute renal failure
ARF; makes the kidneys suddenly stop filtering waste products from the blood; causes can include: sever burns, trauma, or complicated surgery, drugs, toxins, systemic infections, blood disorders
chronic kidney failure
CRF; AKA chronic kidney disease (CKD); gradual loss of renal function; symptoms and signs may not appear until kidney function is less than 25% of normal; causes include: diabetes, hypertension, kidney diseases, and lead poisoning
End-stage renal disease
ESRD; means the kidneys are function at less than 10% of their normal capacity; life cannot be sustained and either dialysis or kidney transplant is needed; symptoms include: oliguria, anuria, confusion, seizures, and coma
hematuria
blood in the urine, can be caused by lesions anywhere in the urinary system
azotemia
buildup of urea in the blood; complex of symptoms resulting from excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood, as seen in renal failure
anuria
absence of urine production
oliguria
reduction of urine output
uremia
a condition caused by excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
nephrolithiasis
presence of calculus; often began in the pelvis of the kidney as a tiny grain of undissolved material (usually oxalate)
calculus
stones; ex. kidney stones
hydronephrosis
dilation of pelvis and calyces of a kidney
micturition
AKA voiding; urination or emptying the bladder
urinary bladder
temporary storage place for urine; moderately full bladder holds about 1 pint of urine; maximum is around 1.5 pints
UTI
bacteria invade and multiply in the urinary tract entering through the urethra;
urethritis
infection of the urethra
cystitis
infection of the urinary bladder
pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
stress incontinence
urine leaks due to sudden pressure; ex. cough, laugh, sneeze, lift something heavy, or exercise; previous pregnancy and childbirth are risk factors
urge incontinence
need to urine comes on too fast to get to the toilet; associated with UTI, diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, or bladder cancer
overflow incontinence
small amounts of urine leak from a bladder that is always full because you can’t empty it; occurs when an enlarged prostate glad or tumor blocks the outflow of urine from the bladder
functional incontinence
cannot get to the toilet because of arthritis or any other disease that makes moving quickly difficult
transitional cell carcinoma
most common type of bladder cancer, arising in the transitional cells of the lining of the bladder
dysuria
difficulty or pain with urination
idiopathic
pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology
UA
urinalysis; can include: visual observation, odor, pH, specific gravity (SG), proteinuria, glycosuria, ketones, leukocyte esterase, urine culture
KUB
x-ray of the abdomen that shows the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
IVP
contrast material containing iodine is injected intravenously and its progress through the UT is recorded on a series of rapid x-ray images
retrograde pyelogram
contrast material is injected through a urinary catheter into the ureters to locate stones and other obstructions
voiding cystourethrogram
VCUG; contrast material is inserted into the bladder through a catheter and x-rays are taken as the patient urinates
CT scans
show cross-sectional view of the kidneys and bladder
MRI
used to generate cross-sectional images of the UT
renal angiogram
x-rays with contrast material to assess blood flow to the kidneys
cystoscopy
pencil-thin, flexible tube-like optical instrument (cystoscope) is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to examine directly the lining of hte bladder and to take a Bx if needed
TNM
tumor, nodes, metastases
nitrite
chemical formed in urine by E. coli and other microorganisms
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ESWL; a machine called a lithotripter from outside the body generates sound waves that crumble the stone into small pieces that can be voided
dialysis
artificial method of removing waste materials and excess fluid from the blood in end-stage renal disease
hemodialysis
filter blood through an artificial kidney machine (dialyzer); usually 12 hours weekly in 3 sessions
peritoneal dialysis
used a solution that is infused into and drained out of the patients abdominal cavity through a small flexible catheter implanted into the patient’s abdominal vacity
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CAPD; performed by the patient at home usually 4x each day 7 days a week
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
CCPD; uses a machine to automatically infuse dialysis solution into and out of the abdominal cavity during sleep
BPH
benign prostate hyperplasia
ambulatory
relating to walking
catherter
hollow tube that allows passage of fluid into or out of a body cavity, organ, or vessel
cystopexy
surgical procedure to support the urinary bladder
pyelonephritis
treated aggressively with antibiotics such as aminoglycoside (Gentamycin) together with ampicillin or ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
parts of the nephron:
Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, renal tubule, collecting tubule, loop of Henle
enuresis
aka incontinence
OAB
overactive bladder
neurogenic bladder
common UT disease; usually a result of a spinal cord injury
CKD
chronic kidney disease; progressive, irreversible decrease in renal function which causes metabolic, fluid, and electrolyte imbalances and affects every body system
facts about CKD
26 million American adults have CKD; heart disease is the major cause of death for all people with CKD; high-risk groups include those with diabetes, hypertension, and family history of kidney failure
symptoms of CKD
fatigue, poor appetite, swollen feet and ankles, dry, itchy skin, trouble sleeping
treatment for CKD
medications to manage symptoms, diet, dialysis, kidney transplant
pyelonephritis
sometimes called kidney infection or nephritis; most common form of kidney disease
glomerulonephritis
blood and protein in the urine; signs and symptoms include hypertension, edema and/or impaired renal function
nephrolithiasis
renal stone or calculus; stones can be in urinary tract (called urolithiasis); can lodge in the ureters causing ureterolithiasis; treatment includes ESWL and PCNL
acute tubular necrosis
ATN; tubular portion of hte nepron is injured by the loss of blood supply (called ischemic ATN) or by ingesting toxic chemicals (called nephrotoxic ATN); produces not significant signs or symptoms; can be reversible
Oncology
bladder cancer is the 4th most common cancer in men and 8th in women; arises from the bladder lining; two types: adenocarcinoma and transitional cell; treatment may include: transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), cystectomy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy
BUN
blood, urea, nitrogen; lab to check kidney function
IVP
intravenous pyelography
VCUG
voiding cystourethrography
common antibiotics for urinary system
Cipro and Bactrim
antispasmodics for urinary system
Ditropan or Vesicare
treatment for edema
diuretics such as Lasix or Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
