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Med Term > Module 11 Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 11 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Six Organs in the urinary system

A

2 kidneys, one urinary bladder, 2 ureters, and one urethra

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2
Q

excretion

A

the process of removing metabolic waste

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3
Q

metabolic wastes

A

CO2, excess water, electrolytes, nitrogenous compounds, and urea

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4
Q

ammonia

A

toxic breakdown product of amino acids

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5
Q

urea

A

end product of nitrogen metabolism expelled in urine

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6
Q

regions of the kidney

A
  1. cortex- contains about 1 million nephrons
  2. medulla- collecting ducts
  3. pelvis- funnel-shaped structure into which the calyces open
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7
Q

Functions of the Kidneys

A

filter blood to eliminate wastes, regulate blood volume and pressure, maintain homeostasis, secrete renin, secrete erythropoietin, and synthesize VitD

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8
Q

calyx

A

funnel-shaped structure

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9
Q

glomerulus

A

plexus of capillaries; part of a nephron

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10
Q

hilum

A

part where the nerves and blood vessels enter and leave an organ

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11
Q

nephron loop

A

part of the renal tubule where reabsorption occurs

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12
Q

renin

A

enzyme secreted by the kidney that causes vasoconstriction

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13
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

most common form of kidney cancer; 2x more likely in men than women; develops in the lining cells of the renal tubules

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14
Q

nephroblastoma

A

AKA Wilms Tumor; malignant kidney tumor of childhood appearing from 3-8yo.

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15
Q

benign kidney tumors

A

usually asymptomatic, are discovered incidentally and are not life-threatening

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16
Q

acute glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomerulus; damages the glomerular capillaries allowing protein and RBCs to leak into the urine and interferes with clearance of waste products

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17
Q

chronic glomerulonephritis

A

can occur with no history of kidney disease and present itself as kidney failure; also occurs in diabetic nephropathy and is associated with lupus & HIV

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18
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

involves large amounts of protein leaking out into the urine so that the level of protein in the blood falls; most obvious symptom is edema in the ankles and legs

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19
Q

interstitial nephritis

A

inflammation of hte spaces between the renal tubules; most often it is acute and temporary; can be an allergic reaction to or a side effect of drugs such as penicillin or ampicillin, NSAIDS, and diuretics

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20
Q

pyelitis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis due to bacterial infection; if not effectively treated often progresses to pyelonephritis; most often occurs as part of a UTI

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21
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

PKD; inherited disease; cysts grow within the kidneys and press against kidney tissue; finally the kidneys cannot function effectively

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22
Q

acute renal failure

A

ARF; makes the kidneys suddenly stop filtering waste products from the blood; causes can include: sever burns, trauma, or complicated surgery, drugs, toxins, systemic infections, blood disorders

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23
Q

chronic kidney failure

A

CRF; AKA chronic kidney disease (CKD); gradual loss of renal function; symptoms and signs may not appear until kidney function is less than 25% of normal; causes include: diabetes, hypertension, kidney diseases, and lead poisoning

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24
Q

End-stage renal disease

A

ESRD; means the kidneys are function at less than 10% of their normal capacity; life cannot be sustained and either dialysis or kidney transplant is needed; symptoms include: oliguria, anuria, confusion, seizures, and coma

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25
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine, can be caused by lesions anywhere in the urinary system

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26
Q

azotemia

A

buildup of urea in the blood; complex of symptoms resulting from excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood, as seen in renal failure

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27
Q

anuria

A

absence of urine production

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28
Q

oliguria

A

reduction of urine output

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29
Q

uremia

A

a condition caused by excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood

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30
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

presence of calculus; often began in the pelvis of the kidney as a tiny grain of undissolved material (usually oxalate)

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31
Q

calculus

A

stones; ex. kidney stones

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32
Q

hydronephrosis

A

dilation of pelvis and calyces of a kidney

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33
Q

micturition

A

AKA voiding; urination or emptying the bladder

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34
Q

urinary bladder

A

temporary storage place for urine; moderately full bladder holds about 1 pint of urine; maximum is around 1.5 pints

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35
Q

UTI

A

bacteria invade and multiply in the urinary tract entering through the urethra;

36
Q

urethritis

A

infection of the urethra

37
Q

cystitis

A

infection of the urinary bladder

38
Q

pyelitis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis

39
Q

stress incontinence

A

urine leaks due to sudden pressure; ex. cough, laugh, sneeze, lift something heavy, or exercise; previous pregnancy and childbirth are risk factors

40
Q

urge incontinence

A

need to urine comes on too fast to get to the toilet; associated with UTI, diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, or bladder cancer

41
Q

overflow incontinence

A

small amounts of urine leak from a bladder that is always full because you can’t empty it; occurs when an enlarged prostate glad or tumor blocks the outflow of urine from the bladder

42
Q

functional incontinence

A

cannot get to the toilet because of arthritis or any other disease that makes moving quickly difficult

43
Q

transitional cell carcinoma

A

most common type of bladder cancer, arising in the transitional cells of the lining of the bladder

44
Q

dysuria

A

difficulty or pain with urination

45
Q

idiopathic

A

pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology

46
Q

UA

A

urinalysis; can include: visual observation, odor, pH, specific gravity (SG), proteinuria, glycosuria, ketones, leukocyte esterase, urine culture

47
Q

KUB

A

x-ray of the abdomen that shows the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

48
Q

IVP

A

contrast material containing iodine is injected intravenously and its progress through the UT is recorded on a series of rapid x-ray images

49
Q

retrograde pyelogram

A

contrast material is injected through a urinary catheter into the ureters to locate stones and other obstructions

50
Q

voiding cystourethrogram

A

VCUG; contrast material is inserted into the bladder through a catheter and x-rays are taken as the patient urinates

51
Q

CT scans

A

show cross-sectional view of the kidneys and bladder

52
Q

MRI

A

used to generate cross-sectional images of the UT

53
Q

renal angiogram

A

x-rays with contrast material to assess blood flow to the kidneys

54
Q

cystoscopy

A

pencil-thin, flexible tube-like optical instrument (cystoscope) is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to examine directly the lining of hte bladder and to take a Bx if needed

55
Q

TNM

A

tumor, nodes, metastases

56
Q

nitrite

A

chemical formed in urine by E. coli and other microorganisms

57
Q

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A

ESWL; a machine called a lithotripter from outside the body generates sound waves that crumble the stone into small pieces that can be voided

58
Q

dialysis

A

artificial method of removing waste materials and excess fluid from the blood in end-stage renal disease

59
Q

hemodialysis

A

filter blood through an artificial kidney machine (dialyzer); usually 12 hours weekly in 3 sessions

60
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

used a solution that is infused into and drained out of the patients abdominal cavity through a small flexible catheter implanted into the patient’s abdominal vacity

61
Q

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

A

CAPD; performed by the patient at home usually 4x each day 7 days a week

62
Q

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

A

CCPD; uses a machine to automatically infuse dialysis solution into and out of the abdominal cavity during sleep

63
Q

BPH

A

benign prostate hyperplasia

64
Q

ambulatory

A

relating to walking

65
Q

catherter

A

hollow tube that allows passage of fluid into or out of a body cavity, organ, or vessel

66
Q

cystopexy

A

surgical procedure to support the urinary bladder

67
Q

pyelonephritis

A

treated aggressively with antibiotics such as aminoglycoside (Gentamycin) together with ampicillin or ceftriaxone (Rocephin)

68
Q

parts of the nephron:

A

Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, renal tubule, collecting tubule, loop of Henle

69
Q

enuresis

A

aka incontinence

70
Q

OAB

A

overactive bladder

71
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

common UT disease; usually a result of a spinal cord injury

72
Q

CKD

A

chronic kidney disease; progressive, irreversible decrease in renal function which causes metabolic, fluid, and electrolyte imbalances and affects every body system

73
Q

facts about CKD

A

26 million American adults have CKD; heart disease is the major cause of death for all people with CKD; high-risk groups include those with diabetes, hypertension, and family history of kidney failure

74
Q

symptoms of CKD

A

fatigue, poor appetite, swollen feet and ankles, dry, itchy skin, trouble sleeping

75
Q

treatment for CKD

A

medications to manage symptoms, diet, dialysis, kidney transplant

76
Q

pyelonephritis

A

sometimes called kidney infection or nephritis; most common form of kidney disease

77
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

blood and protein in the urine; signs and symptoms include hypertension, edema and/or impaired renal function

78
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

renal stone or calculus; stones can be in urinary tract (called urolithiasis); can lodge in the ureters causing ureterolithiasis; treatment includes ESWL and PCNL

79
Q

acute tubular necrosis

A

ATN; tubular portion of hte nepron is injured by the loss of blood supply (called ischemic ATN) or by ingesting toxic chemicals (called nephrotoxic ATN); produces not significant signs or symptoms; can be reversible

80
Q

Oncology

A

bladder cancer is the 4th most common cancer in men and 8th in women; arises from the bladder lining; two types: adenocarcinoma and transitional cell; treatment may include: transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), cystectomy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy

81
Q

BUN

A

blood, urea, nitrogen; lab to check kidney function

82
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelography

83
Q

VCUG

A

voiding cystourethrography

84
Q

common antibiotics for urinary system

A

Cipro and Bactrim

85
Q

antispasmodics for urinary system

A

Ditropan or Vesicare

86
Q

treatment for edema

A

diuretics such as Lasix or Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

Med Term (17 decks)

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