Module 6 Flashcards
cpr
cardiopulmonary recusitation
cvt
cardiovascular technician
ecg/ekg
electrocardiogram
sob
shortness of breath
coronary circulation
the heart’s own blood circulation
MI
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
coronary
blood flow through the vessels supplying the heart
visceral
pertaining to the internal organs
aorta
main trunk of the systemic arterial system
atrium
chamber where blood enters the heart on both the left and right sides
chordae tendineae
tendinous cords attaching the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to the heart wall
mitral
shaped like the headdress of a catholic bishop
vena cava
one of the two largest veins in the body
AV
atrioventricular
SA
sinoatrial; SA node= center of electric pulses within the heart; functions as the pacemaker
AV Bundle
pathway for electrical signals to be transmitted the the ventricles
diastole
relaxation of heart cavities during which they fill with blood
purkinje fibers
network of nerve fibers in the myocardium
sinus rhythm
normal heart rhythm arising from the sinoatrial node
systole
contraction of the heart muscle
2 words meaning abnormal sinus rhythm
arrhythmia and dysrhythmia
premature beats
arrhythmia that originates in either the atrium, ventricle or both
atrial fibrillation
A-fib; when the two atria quiver rather than contract in an organized fashion to pump blood into the ventricle.
ventricular arrhythmia
rapid heartbeat arising in the ventricles
premature ventricular contractions
PVCs; type of ventricular arrhythmia that occurs when extra impulses arise from a ventricle.
V-fib
erratic ventricular contractions; quiver and beat instead of pumping
heart block
occurs when interference in cardiac electrical conduction causes the contractions of the atria to fail to coordinate with the contractions of the ventricles.
palpitations
rapid or irregular heartbeat that last a few seconds or minutes; can be brought on by exercise, anxiety, and stimulants
stenosis
valve doesn’t open fully and its opening is constricted
incompetence
aka insufficiency; when valve cannot close fully and blood can regurgitate to chamber where it came from
mitral valve stenosis
can occur following rheumatic fever; left atrium becomes dilated; eventually CHF results
mitral valve incompetence
leakage back through the valve as the left ventricle contracts; left atrium becomes dilated; CHF results
aortic valve stenosis
common in elderly when valve become calcified due to the atherosclerosis; blood flow into system circuit is diminished, leading to dizziness and fainting; LV dilates, hypertrophies, and fails
Mitral valve prolapse
MVP; occurs when cusps of the valve bulge back into the LA when the LV contracts allowing blood to flow back into the atrium
aortic valve incompetence
initially produces few symptoms other than a murmur, but eventually the LV fails
rheumatic fever
inflammatory disease; sore throat caused by group A beta-hemolytic strep not treated with a complete course of antibiotics; bacteria develops and attacks normal tissue
cardiomyopathy
weakening of the hart muscle that causes it to pump inadequately; can be viral, idiopathic (unknown), or alcoholic; causes cardiomegaly and heart failure
exudate
fluid that has come out of a tissue or its capillaries because of inflammation or injury
tamponade
pathologic compression of an organ such as the heart
angina pectoris
pain in the chest after exertion; first symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium
occluded
blocked
myocardial ischemia
when blood flow in any of the coronary arteries is occluded
cardiogenic shock
when heart fails to pump effectively and organs and tissues are perfused inadequately; pulse is weak and rapid and BP drops
hypovolemic shock
loss of blood volume often from hemorrhage or dehydration
risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD):
obesity, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high cholesterol, and stress
cardiac arrest
sudden cessation of cardiac activity resulting from anoxia
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease;
disease from hardening of the arteries
MI
myocardial infarction; when myocardial cells die; often from myocardial ischemia not being reversed within 4-6hrs
anoxia
without oxygen
asystole
absence of contractions of the heart
atheroma
lipid deposit in the lining of an artery
atherosclerosis
atheroma in the arteries
fibrosis
repair of dead tissue cells by formation of fibrous tissue
hypovolemic
having decreased blood volume in the body
infarction
sudden blockage of an artery
ischemia
lack of blood supply to a tissue
perfuse
to force blood to flow through a lumen or a vascular bed
plaque
patch of abnormal tissue
thrombosis
formation of a thrombus (clot)
ASD
atrial septal defect; hole in the interatrial septum allows blood to shunt from the high-pressure LA to the lower-pressure RA
CHD
congenital heart disease; abnormal development of the heart in the fetus
HTN
hypertension
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus; normal blood vessel in the fetus that usually closes within 24 hours of birth; when artery remains patent (open), blood can shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary artery
TOF
tetralogy of Fallot; syndrome with 4 congenital heart defects that can be surgically repaired
VSD
ventricular septal defect; hole in the interventricular septum allows blood to shunt from higher-pressure LV to lower-pressure RV
coarctation of the aorta
narrowing of the aorta shortly after the artery to the left arm branches from the aorta; causes hypertension in the arms beyond the narrowing and hypotension in the lower limbs and organs
coarctation
constriction stenosis, particularly in the aorta
orthopnea
difficulty breathing with lying flat
shunt
bypass or diversion of fluid
syndrome
combination of signs and symptoms associate with a particular disease process
artery
thick-walled blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
brachiocephalic
pertaining to the head and arm
carotid
main artery of the neck
politeal
pertaining to the back of the knee
gonad
testis or ovary
mesentery
double layer peritoneum enclosing the abdominal viscera
visceral
pertaining to the internal organs
IVC
inferior vena cava
SVC
superior vena cava
arteriole
small terminal artery leading into the capillary network
axilla
armpit
capillary
minute blood vessel between the arterial and venous systems
endothelial
type of epithelial cell that lines the inside of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart
endothelium
tissue found lining the inside of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
saphenous
relating to the saphenous vein in the thigh
vein
carrying blood toward the heart
venule
small vain leading from the capillary network
3 layers of a blood vessel:
- Tunica intimia (interna)
- Tunica Media
- Tunica adventitia (externa)
Vital Signs
(VS) measure temp (T), pulse (P), respiration rate (R), and BP to assess cardiorespiratory function
adventitia
outer layer of connective tissue covering blood vessels or organs
tunica
layer in the wall of a blood vessel or other tubular structure
vasoconstriction
reduction in diameter of a blood vessel
vasodilation
increase in diameter of a blood vessel
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein; causes include venous infections and the presence of an IV cath
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of the lining of a vein (tunica intima) allowing thrombi to form
DVT
deep vein thrombosis; risk factors include immobility, surgery, prolonged travel, and contraception (estrogen); increased pressure in capillaries causes edema
varicose veins
superficial veins that have lost their elasticity and appear swollen and tortuous; valves become incompetent and blood flows backwards and pools; associated with a family history, obesity, and prolonged standing
PVD
peripheral vascular disease; general term for disorders of the systemic arterial and venous systems
aneurysm
localized dilation of an artery due to localized weakness of vessel wall; mostly in abdominal aorta; can rupture leading to severe bleeding and hypovolemic shock
intracranial aneurysm
aneurysm at the base of the brain and are important cause of bleeds into the cranial cavity
thromboangiitis obliterans
(Buerger disease) inflammatory disease of the arteries with clot formation usually in the legs
carotid artery disease
affects the two major arteries supplying the brain; involved in arteriosclerosis and the deposition of plaque which put the patient at risk for a stroke
ABI
ankle/brachial index
claudication
intermittent leg pain and limping
collateral
situated at the side, often to bypass an obstruction
embolus
detached piece of thrombus; a mass of bacteria, air, or foreign body that blocks a blood vessel
thrombus
a clot attached to a diseased blood vessel or heart lining
lipid profile
blood test that tests total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides
B-type natriuretic peptide
BNP; brain hormone used to diagnose and monitor CHF and to predict the course of end-stage heart failure
C-reactive protein
CRP; produced by endothelial cells of arteries; when elevated has been identified as a risk factor for arthrosclerosis and CAD
homocysteine
amino acid in blood, elevated levels are related to a higher risk of CAD, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease
creatine kinase
CK; enzyme released into the blood by dead myocardial cells in MI
troponin I and T
part of a protein complex in muscle that is released into the blood during mycoardial injury. used to confirm a suspected MI
cholesterol
steroid formed in liver cells which circulates in the plasma
profile
set of characteristics which determine the structure of a group
troponin
protein complex found in myocardial muscle fibers; released into the blood within 4 hours of myocardial damage
auscultation
via stethoscope; listening to sounds of heart during cardiac cycle
Holter monitor
continuous ECG recorded over 24-48 hours
TEE
transesophageal echocardiography; involves insertion of a small probe into the esophagus to record the anatomy and function of heart valves
event monitor
used for patients whose symptoms occur sporadically; held over chest when event occurs
ambulatory blood pressure monitor
provides a record of your BP over a 24-hour period
Electron beam tomography
EBT; scan that identifies calcium deposits in arteries
coronary angiogram
uses a contrast dye injected during cardiac cath to identify coronary artery blockages
cardiac catheterization
detects patterns of pressures and blood flows in the heart using a thin tube guided into the heart under x-ray guidance
venogram
radiograph (x-ray record) of a vein
color doppler ultrasonography
uses ultrasound waves to show different rates of blood flow through the heart and blood vessels
HDL
“good” cholesterol
LDL
“bad” cholesterol
murmur
abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the heart or blood vessels
thrombolysis
clot-dissolving drugs; streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
artery-cleaning angioplasty
AKA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA); balloon-tipped catherter that compresses the plaque againts the walls of the artery
stent
wire, mesh tube placed inside the vessel to reduce likelihood of occlusion
coronary artery bypass graft
CABG; mostly used for people with extensive disease in several arteries; healthy vessels from arm, chest, or leg detour blood around blocked coronary arteries
rotational atherectomy
high-speed rotational device to “sand” away plaque; has limited acceptance
cardioversion
therapeutic dose of electrical current to the heart to convert abnormally fast heart rate of arrhythmia to a normal rhythm
implantable cardioverter
ICD; sense abnormal rhythms and gives the heart a small electrical shock to return to sinus rhythm
automated external defibrillator
AEDs; sends electrical shock to the heart to restore normal contraction rhythm
ablation
removal of tissue to destroy its function
angioplasty
recanalization of a blood vessel by surgery
atherectomy
surgical removal of an antheroma
cardioversion
restoration of a normal heart rhythm by electrical shock
sclerotherapy
to collapse a vein by injecting a solution into it to harden it
ACE
angiotensin converting enzyme
ARBs
angiotensin receptor blocker, block interaction between angiotensin and angiotensin receptors on the muscles in the wall of blood vessels allowing them to dilate
CCBs
calcium channel blocker; decreses in muscle contraction and dilation of the blood vessels
ACE inhibitors
slow the activity of ACE; decreases formation of angiotensin II so blood vessels dilate more and BP falls
statins
class of drugs that block enzyme in the liver responsible for making cholesterol; Lipitor, Mevacor, Crestor, Zocor and Pravachol
chronotropic drugs
alter the heart rate; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and atropine increase; Quinidex, Pronestyl, Xylocaine, and Inderal slow the heart
Inotropic drugs
alter contractions of the myocardium; digitalis, digoxin, and digitoxin increase the strength of contractions in the myocardium leadin got increased cardiac output
dromotropic drubs
affect conduction speed in AV node and the rate of conduction of electrical impulses in the heart
anticoagulants
ex. Coumadin, heparin, Fragmin, Pradaxa, Xarelto
Streptokinase
derived from hemolytic streptococci, dissolves fibrin in blood clots; effective within 3-4 hours of MI
beta blocker
beta-adrenergic blocking agent used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and other diseases
leaflet
thin, flat structure like the heart valves
lumen
tubular space within the artery or vein
incompetent
a collapsed or blocked vessel that can no longer function normally
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
occlusion
state of being closed
patent
open, accessible
malaise
generalized weakness, fatigue, (subjective symptom)
GSW
gun shot wound
pledget
small cotton compress used to absorb fluid, apply medication, or exclude air
MidCAB
minimally invasice direct coronary artery bypass (ICD-10 Root Operation-Bypass)
hypokalemia
low potassium in the blood; aka hypopotassemia
comatose
in a coma state of unconsciousness where you cannot be aroused or awakened
angina
aka angina pectoris; intense chest pain caused by inadequate blood supply and oxygen to the heart muscle
pericardial tamponade
acute build-up of fluid in the pericardium; life-threatening condition; treatment included thoracentesis (aka thoracocentesis)
endarterectomy
opening of the artery and removing plaque and other occluded materials to restore blood flow (ICD-10 Root operation- extirpation)
ischemia
oxygen deficiency- temporary deficiency of blood supply due to an obstruction
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and valves; patients must be given ABT as prophylactic (preventative) treatment again a bacterial infection before any invasive procedure such as a root canal
infarction
tissue death (necrosis) due to a lack of blood supply
bruit
aka murmur; abnormal sound produced by blood passing through a narrowed artery
thrombus
stationary blood clot that blocks a vessel
insufficiency
improper closer of a blood vessel
palpitation
subjective feeling; complaining that it feels like your heart is not beating normally (pounding, skipping a beat, etc.)
perfusion
circulation of the blood
cardiomyopathy
weakening of the heart of disease that reduces the normal cardiac function
regurgitation
backflow of blood in the heart due to small masses called vegetations which are caused by bacteremia
bacteremia
bacteria traveling in the bloodstream
prophylactic treatment
antibiotic therapy (ABT) to protect against infections prior to invasive procedures
