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nutr 207 > Module 8 Minerals, Bone Health, Anemias, Alcohol > Flashcards

Module 8 Minerals, Bone Health, Anemias, Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

2 substances that Bind minerals and reduce their bioavailability

A

Phytates and oxalates

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2
Q

The 2 minerals concerned in electrolyte balance.

A

Sodium and potassium

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3
Q

Principal intracellular cation

A

Potassium

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4
Q

Roles of potassium

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance
Maintenance of cell integrity
Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

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5
Q

Some potassium deficiency symptoms

A 
High BP
Salt sensitivity
Kidney stones
Bone turnover
Irregular heartbeat
Muscle weakness
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6
Q

Some foods high in potassium

A

broccoli, carrots, tomato, strawberry

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7
Q

Some roles of sodium

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Nerve transmission
Muscle contraction

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8
Q

Some symptoms of excess sodium consumption

A

High BP

Ca excretion

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9
Q

Organ that regulates Na levels in blood

A

Kidneys

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10
Q

What does CDRR stand for?

A

Chronic disease reduction risk

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11
Q

Where is most magnesium stored in the body?

A

Bones

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12
Q

Some roles of magnesium

A

Bone health
Energy metabolism and ATP production
Inhibit muscle contraction and blood clotting
Support immune system function

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13
Q

Some sources of magnesium

A

Legumes, nuts, seeds, leafy and green veg (broccoli, tomato, pinto bean, soy)

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14
Q

Factors affecting blood pressure

A

Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance
Nervous system
Hormones

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15
Q

Some treatments of HTN

A 
Dash diet
Physical activity
Weight management
Stress management
Medication
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16
Q

Dash diet is high in which nutrients?

A

Fibre, potassium, magnesium, copper

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17
Q

Dash diet avoids which foods?

A

red meat, sweets

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18
Q

Dash diet benefits

A

reduced BP, reduced HTN (when combined with low sodium), reduced cholesterol/LDL, reduced cancer risk

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19
Q

Composition of bones

A

65% minerals (structure), 35% collagen (flexibility)

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20
Q

2 parts of bones

A

Cortical 80%(hard), trabecular 20% (soft end)

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21
Q

Which part of bone gives up Ca to blood?

A

Cortical

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22
Q

Part of bones that gives up calcium when diet runs short

A

Trabecular

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23
Q

During adulthood, resorption and formation are part of bone (blank)

A

Bone remodeling

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24
Q

What are osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

A

Osteoclast: cells that break down bone
Osteoblast: cells that build bone

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25
Q

Peak bone mass occurs at which ages?

A

20-30 years old

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26
Q

Some environmental influences of osteoporosis

A

Low estrogen, low physical activity, low body weight, tobacco, alcohol
High: Na, protein, caffeine, soft drinks, vit A
Low: Ca, vit D, protein, vit K, folate, B12, B6

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27
Q

Gender more likely to suffer from osteoporosis

A

Female

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28
Q

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

Low bone density (revealed by x-ray)

There are no advanced warning signs

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29
Q

Which is worse: osteoporosis, osteopenia

A

Osteoporosis

30
Q

T/F: Less activity protects against weak bones

A

false: Weight bearing strengthens bones

31
Q

Vitamins and minerals important for bone growth

A

Ca, P, Mg, Fl, vit c d b k

32
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body

A

Calcium

33
Q

Some calcium roles

A

Maintain BP
Extracellular: maintain BP
Intracellular: regulate muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulse, secretion of hormones, activation of some enzymes

34
Q

What does body do when blood calcium is low?

A

Stimulate vitamin D, increase calcium resorption in kidneys, more Ca absorption in GI, stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone

35
Q

What does the body do when blood Ca is high?

A

Secretes calcitonin, inhibits vit d, inhibits Ca resorption in kidneys, inhibits osteoclast cells

36
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Stimulates vit d activation

37
Q

T/F: blood Ca is an indicator of dietary Ca intake

A

False: If dietary Ca is low, bones give up Ca to maintain blood Ca levels

38
Q

Calcium absorption inhibitors

A

Age, low vit D, high phosphate intake, low stomach acid, phytates, oxalates, high insoluble fibre, high protein

39
Q

Calcium toxicity symptoms

A

Kidney stones, interferes with absorption of other minerals (iron), constipation

40
Q

Vit d roles

A

Active form is a hormone for making bones, aids Ca and P absorption, regulates blood Ca, immunity, protects against cognitive decline, adipose cell regulation

41
Q

Vit d deficiency symptoms

A

Abnormal bone growth, rickets (children), muscle spasms, osteomalacia/osteoporosis, fatigue

42
Q

Vit d toxicity symptoms

A

High blood Ca, Calcification of soft tissues, thirst, headache, nausea, weakness

43
Q

Vit D sources

A

Natural: fatty fish, egg yolk, cod liver oil
Fortified: milk, dairy, juice, margarine, supplements
Sun

44
Q

Iron Functions

A

ATP production, coenzyme, oxygen transport (heme group)

45
Q

Heme vs nonheme iron, their food sources

A

Heme-ferrous (Fe2+): animal sources

Nonheme-ferric (Fe3+): plant sources, less well absorbed

46
Q

Substances that increase and decrease iron absorption

A

Increase: vit c, sugars, acids, amino acid
decrease: Ca, P, phytates, oxalates, polyphenols, tannins, EDTA

47
Q

Sources of iron

A

meat, fish, poultry, legumes, eggs, enriched grains, broccoli, tomato

48
Q

How is iron absorbed and used

A

Stored in mucosal ferritin after eating
If not needed: body sheds intestinal cells and Fe is excreted
If needed: Fe transferred to transferrin carried in blood to rest of body

49
Q

Iron storage proteins

A

Ferritin: Bone marrow, liver, spleen
Hemosiderin: liver

50
Q

What organ manages iron storage?

A

Liver with the hormone hepcidin

51
Q

Iron deficiency anemia signs and symptoms

A

Fatigue, paleness, lowered work performance and mental productivity, decreased development in childhood (mental)

52
Q

Some sources of Iron loss in body

A

Bleeding, mensuration, GI (blood, mucosal, bile), skin, sweat, urination

53
Q

Groups of people that need more iron (higher RDA)

A

Vegan/vegetarian, women, pregnant

54
Q

megaloblastic vs pernicious anemia

A

Megaloblastic: dietary B12/folate deficiency (primary) causes megaloblasts (large immature RBCs)
Pernicious: body does not produce enough intrinsic factor to absorb B12 (secondary), causes large immature RBCs, requires b12 injection or nasal spray

55
Q

some zinc functions

A

Works with protein in every organ, stabilizes cell membranes and DNA, synthesis/storage/release of insulin, blood clotting, RBC synthesis, thyroid hormone function, immune function

56
Q

dietary zinc sources

A

Beef, fish, dairy, eggs, tofu, peanut, whole grains

57
Q

how is zinc stored/used?

A

Stored in mucosal cells (GI)
if not needed: shed cells and excrete
if needed: transported to pancreas (in albumin and transferrin), used to make digestive enzymes secreted into SI, repeat step 1 (storage)

58
Q

Zinc absorption inhibitors and enhancer

A

Enhancers: acids, amino acids
Inhibitors: phytates, oxalates, polyphenols, insoluble fibre, divalent cations, folate, H2 blockers

59
Q

Zn deficiency symptoms

A

Mostly in children: impaired growth, lack of appetite, diarrhea, impaired immune function, impaired CNS

60
Q

Zinc toxicity symptoms

A

Interferes with Cu and Fe metabolism
Acute: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Chronic: Cu deficiency, altered Fe function, conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+, impaired immunity, urinary problems, low HDL

61
Q

Chromium function and sources

A

Works with insulin to regulate and release glucose

Unrefined food, whole grain, liver, nut, cheese

62
Q

Copper functions and sources

A

Helps form hemoglobin and collagen, defend against oxidation

Organ meat, seafood, nuts, seeds

63
Q

Some mineral interactions

A

High iron lowers zinc
High zinc lowers copper
Low protein lowers zinc

64
Q

Iodine function

A

Thyroid hormone (T3,T4), metabolism, body temp, RBC production, growth, reproduction, nerves and muscles

65
Q

Functional form of iodine in body

A

Body converts iodine to iodide

66
Q

List some contaminant minerals

A

Lead, mercury, cadmium

67
Q

What are phytochemicals and some sources

A

Bioactive components in plants that might: be antioxidants, regulate protein synthesis, mimic hormones, alter blood chemistry
Sources: colorful fruits and veg

68
Q

T/F: any level of alcohol consumption has negative health effects

A

True

69
Q

Canadian alcohol recommendations

A

men: 3/day, 15/week
women: 2/day, 10/week

70
Q

How is EtOh metabolized?

A

GI: alcohol dehydrogenase, treated as priority in SI
Liver: enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase (ALDH) and MEOS

71
Q

How does ingestion/digestion of alcohol affect the body?

A

High: NADH+/NAD, fat synthesis, blood lipid synthesis
lower: fat breakdown, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, testosterone/fertility
Abuse: fat accumulates in liver, fatty liver, cirrhosis, irreversible

72
Q

Nutritional effects of alcohol

A

very high folate (b6) excretion, lower b vit absorption, lower vit d activation by liver, lower vit A processing, lower ADH (water/mineral losses), thiamin deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)

nutr 207 (20 decks)

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