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nutr 207 > Module 8 Minerals, Bone Health, Anemias, Alcohol > Flashcards

Module 8 Minerals, Bone Health, Anemias, Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

2 substances that Bind minerals and reduce their bioavailability

A

Phytates and oxalates

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2
Q

The 2 minerals concerned in electrolyte balance.

A

Sodium and potassium

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3
Q

Principal intracellular cation

A

Potassium

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4
Q

Roles of potassium

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance
Maintenance of cell integrity
Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

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5
Q

Some potassium deficiency symptoms

A 
High BP
Salt sensitivity
Kidney stones
Bone turnover
Irregular heartbeat
Muscle weakness
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6
Q

Some foods high in potassium

A

broccoli, carrots, tomato, strawberry

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7
Q

Some roles of sodium

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Nerve transmission
Muscle contraction

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8
Q

Some symptoms of excess sodium consumption

A

High BP

Ca excretion

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9
Q

Organ that regulates Na levels in blood

A

Kidneys

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10
Q

What does CDRR stand for?

A

Chronic disease reduction risk

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11
Q

Where is most magnesium stored in the body?

A

Bones

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12
Q

Some roles of magnesium

A

Bone health
Energy metabolism and ATP production
Inhibit muscle contraction and blood clotting
Support immune system function

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13
Q

Some sources of magnesium

A

Legumes, nuts, seeds, leafy and green veg (broccoli, tomato, pinto bean, soy)

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14
Q

Factors affecting blood pressure

A

Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance
Nervous system
Hormones

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15
Q

Some treatments of HTN

A 
Dash diet
Physical activity
Weight management
Stress management
Medication
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16
Q

Dash diet is high in which nutrients?

A

Fibre, potassium, magnesium, copper

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17
Q

Dash diet avoids which foods?

A

red meat, sweets

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18
Q

Dash diet benefits

A

reduced BP, reduced HTN (when combined with low sodium), reduced cholesterol/LDL, reduced cancer risk

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19
Q

Composition of bones

A

65% minerals (structure), 35% collagen (flexibility)

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20
Q

2 parts of bones

A

Cortical 80%(hard), trabecular 20% (soft end)

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21
Q

Which part of bone gives up Ca to blood?

A

Cortical

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22
Q

Part of bones that gives up calcium when diet runs short

A

Trabecular

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23
Q

During adulthood, resorption and formation are part of bone (blank)

A

Bone remodeling

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24
Q

What are osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

A

Osteoclast: cells that break down bone
Osteoblast: cells that build bone

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25
Peak bone mass occurs at which ages?
20-30 years old
26
Some environmental influences of osteoporosis
Low estrogen, low physical activity, low body weight, tobacco, alcohol High: Na, protein, caffeine, soft drinks, vit A Low: Ca, vit D, protein, vit K, folate, B12, B6
27
Gender more likely to suffer from osteoporosis
Female
28
How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
Low bone density (revealed by x-ray) | There are no advanced warning signs
29
Which is worse: osteoporosis, osteopenia
Osteoporosis
30
T/F: Less activity protects against weak bones
false: Weight bearing strengthens bones
31
Vitamins and minerals important for bone growth
Ca, P, Mg, Fl, vit c d b k
32
Most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium
33
Some calcium roles
Maintain BP Extracellular: maintain BP Intracellular: regulate muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulse, secretion of hormones, activation of some enzymes
34
What does body do when blood calcium is low?
Stimulate vitamin D, increase calcium resorption in kidneys, more Ca absorption in GI, stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone
35
What does the body do when blood Ca is high?
Secretes calcitonin, inhibits vit d, inhibits Ca resorption in kidneys, inhibits osteoclast cells
36
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
Stimulates vit d activation
37
T/F: blood Ca is an indicator of dietary Ca intake
False: If dietary Ca is low, bones give up Ca to maintain blood Ca levels
38
Calcium absorption inhibitors
Age, low vit D, high phosphate intake, low stomach acid, phytates, oxalates, high insoluble fibre, high protein
39
Calcium toxicity symptoms
Kidney stones, interferes with absorption of other minerals (iron), constipation
40
Vit d roles
Active form is a hormone for making bones, aids Ca and P absorption, regulates blood Ca, immunity, protects against cognitive decline, adipose cell regulation
41
Vit d deficiency symptoms
Abnormal bone growth, rickets (children), muscle spasms, osteomalacia/osteoporosis, fatigue
42
Vit d toxicity symptoms
High blood Ca, Calcification of soft tissues, thirst, headache, nausea, weakness
43
Vit D sources
Natural: fatty fish, egg yolk, cod liver oil Fortified: milk, dairy, juice, margarine, supplements Sun
44
Iron Functions
ATP production, coenzyme, oxygen transport (heme group)
45
Heme vs nonheme iron, their food sources
Heme-ferrous (Fe2+): animal sources | Nonheme-ferric (Fe3+): plant sources, less well absorbed
46
Substances that increase and decrease iron absorption
Increase: vit c, sugars, acids, amino acid decrease: Ca, P, phytates, oxalates, polyphenols, tannins, EDTA
47
Sources of iron
meat, fish, poultry, legumes, eggs, enriched grains, broccoli, tomato
48
How is iron absorbed and used
Stored in mucosal ferritin after eating If not needed: body sheds intestinal cells and Fe is excreted If needed: Fe transferred to transferrin carried in blood to rest of body
49
Iron storage proteins
Ferritin: Bone marrow, liver, spleen Hemosiderin: liver
50
What organ manages iron storage?
Liver with the hormone hepcidin
51
Iron deficiency anemia signs and symptoms
Fatigue, paleness, lowered work performance and mental productivity, decreased development in childhood (mental)
52
Some sources of Iron loss in body
Bleeding, mensuration, GI (blood, mucosal, bile), skin, sweat, urination
53
Groups of people that need more iron (higher RDA)
Vegan/vegetarian, women, pregnant
54
megaloblastic vs pernicious anemia
Megaloblastic: dietary B12/folate deficiency (primary) causes megaloblasts (large immature RBCs) Pernicious: body does not produce enough intrinsic factor to absorb B12 (secondary), causes large immature RBCs, requires b12 injection or nasal spray
55
some zinc functions
Works with protein in every organ, stabilizes cell membranes and DNA, synthesis/storage/release of insulin, blood clotting, RBC synthesis, thyroid hormone function, immune function
56
dietary zinc sources
Beef, fish, dairy, eggs, tofu, peanut, whole grains
57
how is zinc stored/used?
Stored in mucosal cells (GI) if not needed: shed cells and excrete if needed: transported to pancreas (in albumin and transferrin), used to make digestive enzymes secreted into SI, repeat step 1 (storage)
58
Zinc absorption inhibitors and enhancer
Enhancers: acids, amino acids Inhibitors: phytates, oxalates, polyphenols, insoluble fibre, divalent cations, folate, H2 blockers
59
Zn deficiency symptoms
Mostly in children: impaired growth, lack of appetite, diarrhea, impaired immune function, impaired CNS
60
Zinc toxicity symptoms
Interferes with Cu and Fe metabolism Acute: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Chronic: Cu deficiency, altered Fe function, conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+, impaired immunity, urinary problems, low HDL
61
Chromium function and sources
Works with insulin to regulate and release glucose | Unrefined food, whole grain, liver, nut, cheese
62
Copper functions and sources
Helps form hemoglobin and collagen, defend against oxidation | Organ meat, seafood, nuts, seeds
63
Some mineral interactions
High iron lowers zinc High zinc lowers copper Low protein lowers zinc
64
Iodine function
Thyroid hormone (T3,T4), metabolism, body temp, RBC production, growth, reproduction, nerves and muscles
65
Functional form of iodine in body
Body converts iodine to iodide
66
List some contaminant minerals
Lead, mercury, cadmium
67
What are phytochemicals and some sources
Bioactive components in plants that might: be antioxidants, regulate protein synthesis, mimic hormones, alter blood chemistry Sources: colorful fruits and veg
68
T/F: any level of alcohol consumption has negative health effects
True
69
Canadian alcohol recommendations
men: 3/day, 15/week women: 2/day, 10/week
70
How is EtOh metabolized?
GI: alcohol dehydrogenase, treated as priority in SI Liver: enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase (ALDH) and MEOS
71
How does ingestion/digestion of alcohol affect the body?
High: NADH+/NAD, fat synthesis, blood lipid synthesis lower: fat breakdown, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, testosterone/fertility Abuse: fat accumulates in liver, fatty liver, cirrhosis, irreversible
72
Nutritional effects of alcohol
very high folate (b6) excretion, lower b vit absorption, lower vit d activation by liver, lower vit A processing, lower ADH (water/mineral losses), thiamin deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)

nutr 207 (20 decks)

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