Module 11 part 4 Flashcards
true/false
there is two kinds of human diseases
true,
infectious and degenerative
what are the differences of infectious and degenerative diseases?
infectious = caused by bacterie, virus, parasites or microbes degenerative = chroninc and irreversible, caused by lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, lack of physical act
what are the 2 highest leading causes of death in canada ?
cancer and heart diseases
true/false
deficiencies or excesses of nutrients may impair the immune system
true
true/false
malnutrition worsens disease and disease worsens malnutrition
true
in the immune system what are the fonctions of B-cells and T-cells
B-cells -> produce antibodies and retain a memory of the invader
T-cells -> travel to invasion site and release cytokines
true/false
the immune system depends on nutrition (por nutrition = poor immune system)
true,
nutrition affects how healthy our cells are and how strong they are
true/false
immune response in the body requires nutrients
true, when sick our body needs more nutrients to help our immune system fights the infection so our nutrients needs increase
name the four effects of protein-energy undernutrition (PEU)
skin-> thinner, less connective tissue so less protection + skin sensivity reaction to antigens is delayed
digestivre tract -> antibody secretions and immune cell numbers are reduced
lymph tissues -> immune system organs are reduced in size
general response -> invader kill time is prolonged and immune response is impaired
what happens in the body when there is an immune system response ton infection or injury
- blood supply to the site increases
- vessels become permeable
- phagocytes engulf microbes. release oxidative molecules to kill microbes and increase of inflammation during this process
name the five dietary risk factors and their respective risks
- diets high in added sugar -> obesity
- diets high in salty or pickled foods -> cancers and hypertension
- diets high in saturated/trans fat -> cancer, hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity, stroke
- diets low in fruits, vegetables -> cancer, diabete type2, atherosclerosis
- diets loew in vitamins -> cancer, hypertension, atherosclerosis
- excessive alcohol intake
what are the three major factors that contribute to the pressure of an artery
pumping pressure from the heart/ the small diameter arteries and capillaries at the other end resist bloods flow/ the volume of fluid in the circulatory system (which could add pressure)
true/false
80 to 120 mm hg is considered to be a good normal pressure
true
is it possible to know if we suffer from high blood pressure?
yes, the symptoms are memory loss, impaired vision, kidney problems and heart attacks
name the 3 types of causes of hypertension
- modifiable causes (cigarette, excess weight, stress, unhealthy diet)
- fixed causes (genetics, ethnicity, age, male sex)
- other diseases that can cause hypertension (sleep apnea, kidney disease, obesity, diabetes)
how can you treat hypertension ?
- having a diet high in k+ (DASH diet)
- reduce sodium intake
- physical activity
- weight control
- stress management
- medications
what is a DASH diet ?
- diet rich in vegetables
- 30% of its cals come from nuts, fish, whole grains,low-fat dairy products
- emphasizes vegetarian protein sources
- less sugar
- nutrient dense
- increased potassium intake and reduced Na
what is the difference between a DASH diet and an american diet ?
- the DASH diet caontain more fibre, potassium, magnesium, calcium which leads to lower blood pressure
- provides lesss red meats, sweet foods and beverages
- can lower total cholesterol and LDL if the sodium intake is lowered
what are the causes of atherosclerosis ?
- high LDL
- hypertension
- cigarette smoking
- elevated homcysteine levels in blood
- viral/ bcaterial infections
what is atherosclerosis ?
its the formation of plaques in arteries/clots which puts pressure in the heart because it needs to pump harder and this can lead to strokes or heart attacks
what is the difference between and embolus and an embolism
embolus -> a clot that breaks loose
embolism -> a clot that becomes stuck
what is the difference between thrombus and trombosis
thrombus -> stationary clot
thrombosis -> large clot that closes off a blood vessel
true/false
ldl increases the risk of heart disease and
hdl decreaes the risk of heart disease
true
what can you do to prevent CVD (cardiovascular diseases)
- increase physical activity
- lose weight only if needed
- reduce exposure to tobacco smoke
- eat healthy fats
- eat more fresh foods (fruits and veggies) and lightly processed. foods
- eat more plant proteins and fish
true/false
having a drink or two a day raises HDL concentration thus reduces the risk of blood clots and heart attacks
true
describe type 1 diabetes
- autoimmune disorder -> immune cells attack and destroy the B-cells of the pancreas whihc produce insulin
- 5-10% of all diabetes cases
- must administer insulin by injections
describe type 2 diabetes
- insulin resistancce -> muscle and adipose cells cannot take up glucose from the blood as efficiently
- hyperglycemia and initial hyperinsulinemia which later becomes insulin defficiency
- inflammation which increases insulin defficiency
how to manage diabetes
- you should count your carbs, have the same amount daily and at the same time (have a strict routine) => helps keeping constant blood glucose levels
- carbs quality => choose high fiber, minimally processed foods and use artificial sweeteners instead of sugar
what is cancer ?
it is an uncontrolled replication of cells which lead to a malignant tumor
name the know causes of cancer
- environmental -> radiation of sun/ water and air pollution/smoking
- obesity and physical inactivity
- hormones -> excess fat, menopause
true/false
20-50% of cancers are influenced by diet
true
name 3 ways of preventing cancers
- diets low in saturated/trans fats, rich in fruits and veggies
- limit alcohol
- quit smoking
- physical acitivity
- limit sun exposure
- vaccination
- regular check ups
true/false
40% of food produced in canada is wasted each year
true
