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nutr 207 > Module 11 > Flashcards

Module 11 Flashcards

1
Q

name 3 requirements for both men and women before pregnancy

A

maintain healthy weight, balanced diet, physically active, receive medical care (be sure you are healthy), manage chronic conditions, avoid harmful influences

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2
Q

what are the lenght of each trimester

A

1st is 0 to 12 wks
2nd is 13 to 18 wks
3rd is 28 to delivery

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3
Q

true/false

nutrition affects fertility in both men and women

A

true

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4
Q

after how many weeks is the pregnancy considered ‘‘completed’’ ?

A

37 weeks

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5
Q

true/false

the umbilical cord depends on the placenta

A

true

the placenta health of the mother depends on her nutrition

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6
Q

true/false

the umbilical cord is connected to the placenta

A

false
the umbilical cord contains the blood vessels of the baby and they are not connected to the blood vessels of the mother. they lie side by side in a pool of the mother blood

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7
Q

how do the exchange of oxigen and nutrients happen between the mother and the child (umbilical cord)

A

the umbilical cord has fingerlike projections who extend into a pool of the mother blood. in here they absorb everything they need (oxygen, nutrients)

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8
Q

Poor maternal nutrition can cause what ?

A

Epigenetics

this is a modification in the DNA of the baby and can impact even future generations

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9
Q

name the 4 stage of embryonic and fetal development

A

Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Newborn infant

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10
Q

after how many weeks is each stage of embryonic and fetal developement reached ?

A

embryo-1 week
embryo-5 weeks
fetus-11 weeks
newborn infant-9 months

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11
Q

in whick period does the embryo grows very fast

A

8 to 11 weeks

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12
Q

during which weeks is the embryo during its “critical period”

A

the first 8 weeks

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13
Q

Why is it called the critial period?

A

because it is a time of intense development, rapid cell division, only certain celluar activites occur during that moment and if something happens full recovery of the embryo is impossible

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14
Q

What tissues develop during the critical phase ?

A 
Central nervous system
heart
ears
eyes
legs and arms
teeth
palate
external genitalia
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15
Q

give an example of defect during those 8 weeks

A

Neural tube defect

it happens between the 17-30 days of the pregnancy and usually women dont know that they are pregnant

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16
Q

what are the consequences of the neural tube defect

A

If after the 6th week the neural tube is not closed there is high chances that the child might suffer from paralysis and brain defects

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17
Q

What are the 2 most common neural tube defects ?

A

Anencephaly

Spina Bifida

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18
Q

Define the 2 most common neural tube defects

A

Anencephaly = the brain is missing or failed to develop
Spina bifida = incomplete closure of the spinal cord and creates a bulge in the back of the baby which causes pain and problems with nerves and other conduits

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19
Q

How do you prevent neural tube defects?

A

By having a folate supplement of 400mg min before pregnancy and 800mg during

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20
Q

What are the energy requirements for each trimester ?

A

1st - no additional energy needed
2nd - +340 cals
3rd - +450 cals
and ideally 175 grams of carbs daily

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21
Q

What is the recommendation for protein and fats?

A
  • DRI for protein must be higher (an increase of 25g per day) cause proteon helps build tissue and organs
  • The brain depends on fatty-acids (omega-3 and 6) for its growth so at least 5oz (140g) of fish per week
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22
Q

true/false

pregnant women can eat as much fish as they want

A

False

fish contains mercury which can impact brain development if consumed if high amounts

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23
Q

There are 2 nutrients that are highly needed during pregnancy, name them

A

Calcium and iron

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24
Q

Why should pregnant women take calcium and iron supplements?

A

because calcium absorption double during pregnancy (babies need a lot) and iron absorption triples

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25
Q

Which vitamin is reduced during pregnancy? and explain why?

A

Vitamin A, because it can affect the embryo and cause defects

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26
Q

Name 3 factors that place pregnant womans at health risks

A
  • Age (adolescents are still growing)
  • Many previous pregnancies
  • short intervals between pregnancies
  • history of poor outcomes
  • Chronic diseases
  • socio economic factors (money, family support, education)
  • smoking/drugs
  • twins or triplets
  • too low/too much weight gained
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27
Q

true/false

weight prior to pregnancy can impact the embryo

A

true

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28
Q

what are the risks of being overweight prior to conception

A
  • increased risk of gestional diabetes
  • increased risk of gestional hypertensiom
  • increased risks of medical complications during childbirth
  • increased health risks for infant (heart problems
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29
Q

true/false

it is okay if a pregnant woman with obesity gains less weight than recommended

A

true, if the fetus is healthy then there is no problem

30
Q

true/false

for underweight and normal weight woman it is okay to not gain any weight during pregnancy

A

false, it is highly recommended for underweight and normal weight woman to gain a certain amount

31
Q

should pregnant women do physical activites?

A

yes, if they were active before pregnancy they can continue the same routine but adjuste with time (less intense close to the 40 wks)
and if they werent active then dont go to the extremes go for walks or slow joggings

32
Q

what is the most important indicator factor of a infant?

A

the birthweight

it can affect the future of the baby and their offpsprings

33
Q

how much weight is considered small for a baby? (pre term baby)

A

5 1/2 pounds, 2499 grams or less

34
Q

true/false

Maternal health impacts the baby health?

A

true

example: diabetes impacts the transfer of nutrients for the baby so mothers should have a meal plan

35
Q

true/false

healthy women can still have gestional diabetes

A

true, it can happen from various reasons like genetics

36
Q

there are two gestional risks for pregnant women what are they ?

A
  • gestional diabetes

- gestional hypertension

37
Q

what are the consequences of these two gestional conditions

A

G. hypertension, -> can cause fetus death at birth
G. diabetes -> causes the child to be overweight, can cause complications during childbirth, increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life

38
Q

what is preeclampsia?

A

it is a malfunction in certain organs of the child which causes protein to be present in their pee/ it can cause death to the mother and fetus
also it reduces the bloodflow to the baby and can cause poor development of organs ( small liver, heart too small, etc)

39
Q

how is preeclampsia prevented when detected?

A

the delivery is induced and childs are usually under developped (pre natal and lower weight)

40
Q

true/false

age of the parents influences the development of the fetus

A

true, an older father can cause a pre-term birth

an older mother can cause pre-term birth, genetic conditions (down syndrome), death, chronic conditions

41
Q

how do we make sure the growth of the baby is okay? what method do the doctors use

A

they do a genetic testing of the amniotic liquid found in the placenta of the mother/ this liquid contain the DNA of the infant and they can find out if there is any abnormalities

42
Q

name 3 consequences of smoking during pregnancy

A
  • restrict blood supply to the fetus
  • interfere with lung growth (increased infections, asthma)
  • reduced infant brain size
  • complicated births
43
Q

true/false

medicinal drugs are okay for pregnant women ?

A

false, no over-the-counter drugs should be taken by pregnant women only prescriptions by the doc

44
Q

true/false

environmental contaminants can impact the fetus development

A

true, pollution can cause lung problems and even asthma in the infant

45
Q

true/false

pregnant women are more at risk of food poisoning

A

true, because there is so many changes in the women body their immune system is not as strong so a simple infection can be really bad

46
Q

what is listeriosis?

A

it is a bacterial infection caused by food it can cause miscarriage, still birth, severe brain problems and other infection to the fetus

47
Q

what are the risks related to alcohol consumptio during pregnancy?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

  • Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)
  • Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD)
48
Q

how can pregnant women get listeriosis?

A

it is a bacteria found in raw foods so meat, fish, poultry must be thoroughly cooked, wash all fruits and vegetables,

49
Q

true/false

pregnant women can have a glass of wine every friday night

A

FALSE, alcohol crosses the placenta and goes directly into the fetus, this is very toxic and causes less oxygen transfer, slows cell division and reduces the growth of organs

50
Q

give 3 physical characteristics of childs suffering from FAS

A
  • small head
  • receding chin
  • extra skin folds on eyelids
  • dropping eyelids
  • wandering eyes
  • ears are uneven
  • flat or thin upper lip
51
Q

how much alcohol is bad ?

A

1 drink per day = neurological development affected
4 drinks per day = physical malformations

There isnt a safe amount

52
Q

name the two hormones involved in milk production

A

prolactin (for milk production) and oxytocin (for ejection of milk)

53
Q

how long should a mother breastfeed their chil?

A

6 months only breastfeeding

6 to 12 months breastfeeding + foods

54
Q

which nutrient is not present is the mothers milk?

A

vitamin D

it is recommended to supplement breastfeeding with vitamin D

55
Q

true/false

the mothers milk stays the same during the whole breastfeeding process

A

false, the contents of the mothers milk changes depending on the infant needs.
This change occurs naturally because of the feedback between the child and mom.
this feedback happens during the suckling of the breast.

56
Q

the production of milk is know as….

A

lactogenesis

57
Q

true/false

production of milk will continue no matter what

A

false. production of milk will continue if the breast if continuosly emptied

58
Q

true/false

breast milk contains a lot of protein

A

false, breast milk contains low protein and high amounts of fat because fatty acids help with growth, brain development, nervous system development

59
Q

true/false

breast milk is always white

A

false,
the “first milk” is actually more yellow and thick like a serum because it is highly concentrated, contains antibodies and white blood cells

60
Q

name 3 characteristics of breast milk

A
  • naturally sterile
  • first milk is yellow
  • contains antibodies and white blood cells
  • inactivates disease-causing bacteria
  • helps build a healthy gut microbiome
61
Q

name 2 benefits of breastfeeding for the infant

A
  • protects against a variety of infections
  • protects against food allergies
  • provides hormones that promote physiological development
62
Q

name 2 benefits of breastfeeding for the mother

A
  • delays the return of regular ovulation
  • may protect against breast and ovarian cancer
  • helps with contracting the uterus to its normal size
63
Q

what is the energy cost per day for women who breastfeed?

A

in total 500 calories per day

330 from food and 170 from fat stored during pregnancy

64
Q

true/false

women who breastfeed have more weight loss

A

true

65
Q

how much water does women who breastfeed need

A

3.8 L per day

66
Q

true/false

malnutrition in women who breastfeed will reduce the quality of the milk

A

false, it will reduce the quantity but the nutrition quality will stay the same

67
Q

what is the optimal food for infants? according to health canada

A

breast milk

68
Q

true/false

women can restart drinking alcohol once the infant is born

A

false,

alcohol can easily enter breast miulk and create taste alterations, sleepiness, and inhibit oxytocin

69
Q

true/false

formula feeding is an acceptable alternative to breastfeeding

A

true

70
Q

why is cow’s milk not good for babies under 12 months?

A

because it has more protein and less carbohydrates this can cause bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract of the baby

nutr 207 (20 decks)

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